Bilim Etiğinin Zaman Tünelinde: İki Ebeveyn Tavsiye Kitabı ve Bilimde Bir Dönüm Noktası

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 2, 73 - 89, 01.08.2014

Emel Aközer Mehmet Aközer

Öz

Dr. Benjamin Spock’ın Baby and Child Care 1946 kitabı ile Dr. İhsan Doğramacı’nın Annenin Kitabı 1952 arasındaki benzerliklerle ilgili intihal iddiaları ve bu iddiaların yol açtığı hukuksal süreçte Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin 15 Nisan 2014 kararıyla ortaya çıkan sonucun topluma yansıtılışı, bilim etiği kapsamında intihale ilişkin doğru bir anlayışın genel kamuoyuna ve bilim topluluğuna kazandırılmasına katkıda bulunacak nitelikle değildir. Birincisi, mahkeme bu iddiaların doğruluğu yönünde bir karar vermemiştir. İkincisi, iki kitap arasındaki ilişki – türleri, özgünlük iddiaları ve benzerliklerin niteliği açısından – bilim etiğindeki tanımıyla intihal kavramı çerçevesinde değerlendirmeye izin vermez. İntihal iddialarının dayandırılmaya çalışıldığı fikri mülkiyet hukuku ise, bilim etiği açısından intihal kavramının temeline oturtulamaz. Bilim etiğinde intihal, fikri mülkiyet hukukuna aykırı olması bakımından negatif yoldan değil, bilimsel doğruluk normu ve adaletlilik ilkesi ile bilim insanlarının ortak çalışması için asli olan değerler bakımından pozitif yoldan bir kusurlu davranış olarak tanımlanır. 20. yüzyıl ortalarında bu ilke ve değerlerin yerleşmediği bir ortamda yüzyılın en büyük bilimsel gelişmelerinden biri olan DNA yapısının keşfinin öyküsü, fikri mülkiyet hukukunun da intihal fiilinin de kapsamını çok aşan ağır etik ihlallerine olanak vermiştir ve bu ihlaller bugün de savunulabilmektedir. Bilimsel doğruluk ve adaletlilik, “düzgün referanslar vermek ve başkalarının yapıtlarına gereken takdiri sunmak” kadar, “meslektaşlarına doğruluk ve dürüstlük içinde davranma” kuralını da içerir. İntihal iddialarını meslektaşları itibarsızlaştırmak için kullanmak veya bunu olağanlaştırmak “adaletlilik” ilkesiyle ne kadar bağdaşırsa, bilim etiğini savunma savıyla da o kadar bağdaşır. İntihalle mücadeleye yönelik bir stratejinin testi, bilimsel doğruluk normunu ve bu arada adaletlilik ilkesini yerleştirmeye gerçekten katkıda bulunup bulunmadığı ya da ne kadar katkıda bulunduğu olmalıdır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilim etiği, Şimdicilik, Etik ilkeler, Bilimde kusurlu davranış, İntihal

Within the Timeline of Science Ethics: Two Parenting Advice Books and a Scientific Milestone

Öz

Plagiarism allegations on similarities between Dr. Benjamin Spock’s Baby and Child Care 1946 and Dr. İhsan Doğramacı’s Annenin Kitabı 1952; The Mother’s Book and the public presentation of the ruling on the 15th of April, 2014 by European Court of Human Rights consummating legal proceedings on these allegations, are not likely to contribute to ensuring a correct understanding of plagiarism as conceived in science ethics in the general public and scientific community. First, the Court has not ruled in support of the veracity of allegations. Second, parallels between the two books – regarding genre, claims to originality, and the nature of similarities – do not justify evaluation in reference to the concept of plagiarism as defined in science ethics. Besides, intellectual property law, on which allegations pretend to be based, cannot be taken to found illegitimacy of plagiarism in terms of science ethics. Science ethics defines plagiarism as misconduct positively with reference to norms of scientific integrity, the fairness principle, and values essential to collaborative work, rather than negatively with reference to violation of intellectual property. In the mid-20th century, in an environment where such principles or values have not yet taken root, the course of the discovery of DNA structure, one of the century’s greatest breakthroughs, has enabled ethics violations substantially surpassing issues of intellectual property or plagiarism, and moreover, these violations have apologists even today. Scientific integrity and fairness imply “treating colleagues with integrity and honesty” as equally as “providing proper references and giving due credits to the work of others”. Abusing plagiarism allegations as a means to defame colleagues or permitting such abuse to become commonplace neither suits advocacy of scientific ethics nor complies with the “fairness” principle. A strategy to fight plagiarism must be tested against whether or not it contributes to entrench the norm of scientific integrity and fairness principle or how far it contributes

Anahtar Kelimeler

Science ethics, Presentism, Ethical principles, Scientific misconduct, Plagiarism

Kaynakça

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