Resilience Evaluation Scale: First Psychometric Findings Related to the Turkish Version
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 255 - 263, 31.08.2022
Tuğba Türkkan
,
Kenan Bülbül
,
Hatice Odacı
Öz
The purpose of this study is to adapt a Turkish version of Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES) and evaluate its psychometric properties. The
research group consists a total of 558 students, including 377 women and 181 men who continue their education at Trabzon University.
The age of students ranged from 18 to 38 and the age mean was 19.94 (SD= 1.98). As a result of confirmatory factor analysis conducted
within the scope of the study, it was demonstrated that the model has acceptable fit indexes and it was concluded that hypothesis model
for two-dimensional structure is confirmed in the universe. In the context of the criterion-related validity, significant positive correlations were found between Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES) and Brief Resilience Scale, The Satisfaction With Life Scale and Oxford Happiness
Questionnaire. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of the RES was calculated as .85, Factor 1 called self-efficacy .78, and Factor 2 called selfconfidence
as .79. Also the reliability coefficient between split-half was found to be .72 and the scale was found to have high reliability. It is
concluded that the RES is a valid and reliable instrument to measure resilience level of university students.
Kaynakça
- Akbar, M., Akram, M. J., Ahmed, M., Hussain, M. S., Lal, V., & Ijaz,
S. (2014). Relationship between resilience and life satisfaction
among Nomadic. International Journal of Innovation and
Applied Studies, 6, 515-529.
- Arslan, G. (2019). Mediating role of the self–esteem and resilience
in the association between social exclusion and life satisfaction
among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences,
151, 109514.
- Aydoğdu, T. (2013). Bağlanma stilleri, başa çıkma stratejileri
ile psikolojik dayanıklılık arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
(Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the
impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices
of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences,
93, 63-67.
- Balgiu, B. A. (2017). Self-esteem, personality and resilience: Study
of a students emerging adults group. Journal of Educational
Sciences and Psychology, 1, 93-99.
- Basım, N., & Çetin, F. (2011). The reliability and validity of the
resilience scale for adults Turkish version. Turkish Journal of
Psychiatry, 22(2), 104-114.
Bayram, N. (2016). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş amos
uygulamaları. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
- Benard, B. (2007). The foundations of the resiliency paradigm. In
N. Henderson, B. Benard, & N. Sharp-Light (Eds.), Resiliency
in action: Practical ideas for overcoming risks and building
strengths in youth, families, and communities (pp. 3– 9). San
Diego, CA: Resiliency in Action.
- Bonanno, G. A., Rennicke, C., & Dekel, S. (2005). Self-enhancement
among high exposure survivors of the September 11th
terrorist attack: Resilience or social maladjustment? Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 984-998.
- Bulut, S., Doğan, U., & Altundağ Y. (2013). Adolescent psychological
resilience scale: Validity and reliability study. Suvremena
Psihologija, 16(1), 21-32.
- Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and
linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 245-266.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in
education (8th. ed.). New York: Routledge.
- Çakar, F. S., Karataş, Z., & Çakır, M. A. (2014). Yetişkin Yılmazlık
Ölçeği: Türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy
Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32, 22-39.
- Doğan, T. (2015). Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into
Turkish: A validity and reliability study. The Journal of Happines
and Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
- Doğan, T., & Çötok, A. N. (2011). Adaptation of the short form of
the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire into Turkish: A validity
and reliability study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and
Guidance Journal, 4, 165-172.
- Eminağaoğlu, N. (2006). Güç koşullarda yaşayan sokak
çocuklarında dayanıklılık (sağlamlık) (Yayınlanmamış doktora
tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
- Eryılmaz, S. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik sağlamlığı
yordamada yaşam doyumu, benlik saygısı, iyimserlik ve
kontrol odağının incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans
tezi). Muğla Üniversitesi, Muğla.
- Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A
frame work for understanding healthy development in the
face of risk. Annual Review Public Health, 26, 399-419.
- Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., & Rosenvinge JH ve ark. (2003) A new
rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective
resources behind healthy adjustment? Int J Methods Psychiatr
Res, 12:65-76.
- Garcıa-Izquierdo, M., Meseguer de Pedro, M., R´ıos-Risquez,
I., & Sa´nchez, I. S. (2017). Resilience as a moderator of
psychological health in situations of chronic stress (burn out)
in a sample of hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship,
50(2), 228-236.
- Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of
stres and competence in children: A building block for develop
mental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 97-111.
- Gizir, C. A. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu
faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik
Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 28, 113-128.
- Gürgan, U. (2006). Yılmazlık Ölçeği (YÖ): Ölçek geliştirme,
güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim
Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(2), 45-74.
- Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire:
A compact scale for the measurement of psychological wellbeing.
Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073-1082.
- Human Development Report (2014). Sustaining human progress:
Reducing vulnerabilities and building resilience. Retriewed
from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-reporten-
1.pdf
- Hunter, A. J., & Chandler, G. E. (1999). Adolescent resilience.
Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship (Third Quarter), 31,
243-247.
- Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: Structural equation
modeling. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
- Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation
modeling (4rd Ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
- Karaırmak, Ö. (2006). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve
koruyucu faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik
Dergisi, 3(26), 129-142.
- Karaırmak, Ö., & Çetinkaya, R. S. (2011). Benlik saygısının ve
denetim odağının psikolojik sağlamlık üzerine etkisi: Duyguların
aracı rolü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35),
30-41.
- Karataş, Z., & Çakar, S. F. (2011). Self-esteem and hopelessness,
and resiliency: An exploratory study of adolescents in Turkey.
International Education Studies, 4(4), 84-91.
- Kaya, F., & Odacı, H. (2021). Connor-Davidson Psikolojik Sağlamlık
Ölçeği kısa formu: Türkçe’ye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik
çalışması. HAYEF: Journal of Education, 17(2), 38-54.
- Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health:
An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 37(1), 1-11.
- Kong, F., Wang, X., Hu, S., & Liu, J. (2015). Neural correlates of
psychological resilience and their relation to life satisfaction in
a sample of healthy young adults. Neuro Image, 123, 165-172.
- Lee, Y. E., Kim, E., & Park, S. Y. (2017). Effect of self-esteem,
emotional intelligence and psychological well-being on
resilience in nursing students. Child Health Nursing Research.
- Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 23(3), 385-393.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of
resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work.
Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
- Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience:
Implications for interventions and social policies. Development
and Psychopathology, 12, 857-885.
- Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and
development: Contributions from the study of children who
overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2,
425-444.
- Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience process in
development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238.
- Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of
competence in favorable and unfavorable environments:
Lessons from research on successful children. American
Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220.
- Murphy, L. B. (1987). Further reflections on resilience. In E. J.
Anthony, & B. J. Cohler (Eds), The invulnerable child (pp.
84-105). New York: Guilford.
- Rutter, M. (2007). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific
understanding. Annuals of New York Academy of Sciences,
1(1094), 1-12.
- Rutter, M. (2013). Annual research review: Resilience-clinical
implications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4),
474–487.
- Ryan, L., & Caltabiano, M. (2009). Development of a new resilience
scale: The resilience in midlife scale. Asian Social Science,
5(11), 39-51.
- Sapienza, J. K., & Masten, A. S. (2011). Understanding and
promoting resilience in children and youth. Current Opinion
Psychiatry, 24, 267-273.
- Sezgin, K. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık
ve dindarlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi (Dicle Üniversitesi
örneği) (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Dicle Üniversitesi:
Diyarbakır.
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Psikolojik Sağlamlığı Değerlendirme Ölçeği: Türkçe Versiyonuna İlişkin İlk Psikometrik Bulgular
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 255 - 263, 31.08.2022
Tuğba Türkkan
,
Kenan Bülbül
,
Hatice Odacı
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı Psikolojik Sağlamlığı Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin (PSDÖ) Türkçe formunun psikometrik özelliklerinin
değerlendirilerek, uyarlama çalışmasının yapılmasıdır. Araştırma grubunu Trabzon Üniversitesi’nde öğrenimlerine devam etmekte olan
377 kadın ve 181 erkek olmak üzere toplam 558 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların yaşları 18 ile 38 arasında değişmekte olup,
yaşları ortalaması 19.94’tür (Ss= 1.98). Çalışma kapsamında yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda modelin kabul edilebilir uyum
indekslerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiş ve iki boyutlu yapısına yönelik hipotez modelinin evrende doğrulandığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Ölçüt bağıntılı geçerliği sonuçlarına göre PSDÖ ile Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Yaşam Doyumu ve Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği arasında pozitif
yönde anlamlı düzeyde ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin, Cronbach alfa değeri .85, öz yeterlik olarak adlandırılan Faktör 1’in .78 ve özgüven
olarak adlandırılan Faktör 2’nin .79, olarak hesaplanmıştır. Eş değer yarılar arasındaki güvenirlik katsayısının ise .72 ile yüksek güvenirliğe
sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Psikolojik Sağlamlığı Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin üniversite öğrencileri örnekleminde
psikolojik sağlamlığı ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Kaynakça
- Akbar, M., Akram, M. J., Ahmed, M., Hussain, M. S., Lal, V., & Ijaz,
S. (2014). Relationship between resilience and life satisfaction
among Nomadic. International Journal of Innovation and
Applied Studies, 6, 515-529.
- Arslan, G. (2019). Mediating role of the self–esteem and resilience
in the association between social exclusion and life satisfaction
among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences,
151, 109514.
- Aydoğdu, T. (2013). Bağlanma stilleri, başa çıkma stratejileri
ile psikolojik dayanıklılık arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
(Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the
impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices
of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences,
93, 63-67.
- Balgiu, B. A. (2017). Self-esteem, personality and resilience: Study
of a students emerging adults group. Journal of Educational
Sciences and Psychology, 1, 93-99.
- Basım, N., & Çetin, F. (2011). The reliability and validity of the
resilience scale for adults Turkish version. Turkish Journal of
Psychiatry, 22(2), 104-114.
Bayram, N. (2016). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş amos
uygulamaları. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
- Benard, B. (2007). The foundations of the resiliency paradigm. In
N. Henderson, B. Benard, & N. Sharp-Light (Eds.), Resiliency
in action: Practical ideas for overcoming risks and building
strengths in youth, families, and communities (pp. 3– 9). San
Diego, CA: Resiliency in Action.
- Bonanno, G. A., Rennicke, C., & Dekel, S. (2005). Self-enhancement
among high exposure survivors of the September 11th
terrorist attack: Resilience or social maladjustment? Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 984-998.
- Bulut, S., Doğan, U., & Altundağ Y. (2013). Adolescent psychological
resilience scale: Validity and reliability study. Suvremena
Psihologija, 16(1), 21-32.
- Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and
linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 245-266.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in
education (8th. ed.). New York: Routledge.
- Çakar, F. S., Karataş, Z., & Çakır, M. A. (2014). Yetişkin Yılmazlık
Ölçeği: Türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy
Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32, 22-39.
- Doğan, T. (2015). Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into
Turkish: A validity and reliability study. The Journal of Happines
and Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
- Doğan, T., & Çötok, A. N. (2011). Adaptation of the short form of
the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire into Turkish: A validity
and reliability study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and
Guidance Journal, 4, 165-172.
- Eminağaoğlu, N. (2006). Güç koşullarda yaşayan sokak
çocuklarında dayanıklılık (sağlamlık) (Yayınlanmamış doktora
tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
- Eryılmaz, S. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik sağlamlığı
yordamada yaşam doyumu, benlik saygısı, iyimserlik ve
kontrol odağının incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans
tezi). Muğla Üniversitesi, Muğla.
- Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A
frame work for understanding healthy development in the
face of risk. Annual Review Public Health, 26, 399-419.
- Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., & Rosenvinge JH ve ark. (2003) A new
rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective
resources behind healthy adjustment? Int J Methods Psychiatr
Res, 12:65-76.
- Garcıa-Izquierdo, M., Meseguer de Pedro, M., R´ıos-Risquez,
I., & Sa´nchez, I. S. (2017). Resilience as a moderator of
psychological health in situations of chronic stress (burn out)
in a sample of hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship,
50(2), 228-236.
- Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of
stres and competence in children: A building block for develop
mental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 97-111.
- Gizir, C. A. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu
faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik
Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 28, 113-128.
- Gürgan, U. (2006). Yılmazlık Ölçeği (YÖ): Ölçek geliştirme,
güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim
Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(2), 45-74.
- Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire:
A compact scale for the measurement of psychological wellbeing.
Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073-1082.
- Human Development Report (2014). Sustaining human progress:
Reducing vulnerabilities and building resilience. Retriewed
from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-reporten-
1.pdf
- Hunter, A. J., & Chandler, G. E. (1999). Adolescent resilience.
Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship (Third Quarter), 31,
243-247.
- Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: Structural equation
modeling. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
- Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation
modeling (4rd Ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
- Karaırmak, Ö. (2006). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve
koruyucu faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik
Dergisi, 3(26), 129-142.
- Karaırmak, Ö., & Çetinkaya, R. S. (2011). Benlik saygısının ve
denetim odağının psikolojik sağlamlık üzerine etkisi: Duyguların
aracı rolü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35),
30-41.
- Karataş, Z., & Çakar, S. F. (2011). Self-esteem and hopelessness,
and resiliency: An exploratory study of adolescents in Turkey.
International Education Studies, 4(4), 84-91.
- Kaya, F., & Odacı, H. (2021). Connor-Davidson Psikolojik Sağlamlık
Ölçeği kısa formu: Türkçe’ye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik
çalışması. HAYEF: Journal of Education, 17(2), 38-54.
- Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health:
An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 37(1), 1-11.
- Kong, F., Wang, X., Hu, S., & Liu, J. (2015). Neural correlates of
psychological resilience and their relation to life satisfaction in
a sample of healthy young adults. Neuro Image, 123, 165-172.
- Lee, Y. E., Kim, E., & Park, S. Y. (2017). Effect of self-esteem,
emotional intelligence and psychological well-being on
resilience in nursing students. Child Health Nursing Research.
- Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 23(3), 385-393.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of
resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work.
Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
- Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience:
Implications for interventions and social policies. Development
and Psychopathology, 12, 857-885.
- Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and
development: Contributions from the study of children who
overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2,
425-444.
- Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience process in
development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238.
- Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of
competence in favorable and unfavorable environments:
Lessons from research on successful children. American
Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220.
- Murphy, L. B. (1987). Further reflections on resilience. In E. J.
Anthony, & B. J. Cohler (Eds), The invulnerable child (pp.
84-105). New York: Guilford.
- Rutter, M. (2007). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific
understanding. Annuals of New York Academy of Sciences,
1(1094), 1-12.
- Rutter, M. (2013). Annual research review: Resilience-clinical
implications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4),
474–487.
- Ryan, L., & Caltabiano, M. (2009). Development of a new resilience
scale: The resilience in midlife scale. Asian Social Science,
5(11), 39-51.
- Sapienza, J. K., & Masten, A. S. (2011). Understanding and
promoting resilience in children and youth. Current Opinion
Psychiatry, 24, 267-273.
- Sezgin, K. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık
ve dindarlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi (Dicle Üniversitesi
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