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İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt

Sayı: 55 15 Haziran 2026
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İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt

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The debate over whether an agent’s influence on their acts occurs through choice (ikhtiyār) or necessity (ījāb) is one of the deepest rifts opened by the disputes between theology (kalām) and philosophy. In his Tahāfut, al-Ghazālī reveals the magnitude of this issue by asserting the necessity of declaring the philosophers as disbelievers (takfīr) due to their views on the matter. Al-Ghazālī’s stance on takfīr partially persisted within the tradition of Tahāfut writing that followed him. ‘Alī al-Ṭūsī, the author of Tahāfut al-Falāsifa (also known as Kitāb al-Zuhr), affirmed al-Ghazālī by stating that the doctrine of mūjib bi’z-zāt is a subject that warrants the charge of disbelief against the philosophers. However, this attitude was abandoned by other Tahāfut authors such as Khojazāda, Ibn Kemalpāshā, Qarabāghī, and Üsküdārī. The answers given to the question of how an agent -possessing knowledge, power, and will- influences their act have been conceptualized in the intellectual tradition as fā‘il bi’l-ikhtiyār (free agent), fā‘il-i mukhtār (elective agent), or al-qādir al-mukhtār (the powerful free agent) on one hand, and mūjib bi’z-zāt (the necessitating cause by essence) on the other. Did the universe, as a contingent being, emerge through God’s elective choice or through necessity (ījāb) proceeding from God? The philosophers, who answered that God’s acts occur through necessity, were criticized by theologians—most notably al-Ghazālī—who argued that this answer inevitably leads to the conclusion of the eternity of the world (qidam al-‘ālam). Indeed, the theologians asserted that for God to act without exercising any form of will is utterly incompatible with His divinity (ulūhiyya). Al-Ghazālī and ‘Alī al-Ṭūsī evaluated this crucial issue in their works under the heading of "the eternity of the world." This is because the eternity of the world is a direct consequence of God acting through necessity, and they criticized, and even declared as disbelievers (takfīr), the philosophers based on this conclusion. Khojazāda, however, opened a separate title in his Tahāfut, proceeding from the premise that this subject is the thought underlying the eternity of the world. Under the title "On the Invalidation of the Philosophers' View that the First Principle is Not a Free Agent but a Necessitating Cause by Essence," he explained that the Necessary Being's acting through necessity would entail the eternity of the world. Yet, in this section, he primarily responded to the philosophers' objections against the theologians regarding why the Necessary Being should not act through elective choice. This is because Khojazāda claims that the dispute between the theologians and the philosophers stems from their differing conceptions of Allah’s attribute of power (qudra). Defining the "Powerful" (qādir) as "the one who acts if He wills and does not act if He does not will," Khojazāda points out to the philosophers that God has no option of "not willing," and consequently, no option of "not acting" in their system. Ibn Kemalpāshā, one of the Ottoman Sheikh al-Islāms, authored a gloss (ḥāshiya) on Khojazāda’s Tahāfut. This gloss addresses the first fifteen issues of Khojazāda’s Tahāfut, which consists of twenty-two chapters, while leaving the remaining seven subjects untouched. From the very first issue, Ibn Kemalpāshā directed serious criticisms toward Khojazāda. Claiming that the philosophers had been misunderstood regarding the concept of mūjib bi’z-zāt—a subject of profound importance in the Islamic intellectual tradition—Ibn Kemalpāshā harshly criticized Khojazāda for perpetuating this misunderstanding. In this study, based on Ibn Kemalpāshā’s Gloss on the Tahāfut and his specific treatise titled Risāla fī taḥqīq murād al-qā’ilīn bi-anna al-Wājib Te‘ālā mūjib bi’z-zāt (Treatise on the Investigation of the Intent of Those Who Claim the Exalted Necessary Being is a Necessitating Cause by Essence), we will identify the criticisms he raised. Subsequently, we will evaluate these criticisms to determine whether they are justified.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. ‘Ala ’uddı n al-T u sı , ‘Alı b. Muh ammad al-Beta reka nı . Tahāfut al-Falāsifa (Kitāb al-Zuhr). thk. Rid a Sa‘a da. Lebanon: Da r al-Fikr al-Lubna nı , ts.
  2. Bostan, Yasin. “Concept of Motion and Metaphysical Extensions in Avicenna within the Context of Logical Necessity”. Universal Journal of Theology 8/1 (2023), 25-60.
  3. Erdem, Engin. “Hocaza de ve ‘Mucibun Bi’z-za t’ Du şu ncesi”. Türk Düşüncesinde Gezintiler. ed. Su leyman Hayri Bolay. I stanbul: Nobel Yayıncılık, 2007.
  4. Erdog an, O mer Faruk. “Avicenna’s Defense: Eternal Universe is Not the Ontological Equal of Etnernal God”. Journal of Islamic Research 33/2 (2002), 490-502.
  5. Erkmen, Recep. Fakhr al-Dîn al-Râzî: The Problem of Knowledge and Metaphysical Skepticism. Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD Thesis, 2022.
  6. Erkmen, Recep. “The Boundaries of Cosmological and Teleological Arguments and Divine Attributes: Ash‘arism and Fakhr al-Dı n er-Ra zı ”. Religious Studies 68 (2025), 1-40.
  7. Erkmen, Recep. “The Problem of Proofs for God’s Existence Between Physics and Metaphysics: A Critique of Theology and Philosophy”. Eskiyeni 52 (2024), 435-467.
  8. Fakhr al-Dı n al-Ra zı , Muh ammad b. ‘Umar b. al-H usayn. al-Maṭālib al-‘Āliya min al-‘Ilm al-Ilāhī. thk. Ah mad H ija zı al-Saqqa . Beirut: Da r al-Kutub al-‘Arabı , 1987.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Kelam

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

15 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

1 Ocak 2026

Kabul Tarihi

3 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: 55

Kaynak Göster

APA
Genç, H. (2026). İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt. Harran İlahiyat Dergisi, 55, 434-451. https://doi.org/10.30623/hij.1853378
AMA
1.Genç H. İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt. Harran İlahiyat Dergisi. 2026;(55):434-451. doi:10.30623/hij.1853378
Chicago
Genç, Hafzullah. 2026. “İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt”. Harran İlahiyat Dergisi, sy 55: 434-51. https://doi.org/10.30623/hij.1853378.
EndNote
Genç H (01 Haziran 2026) İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt. Harran İlahiyat Dergisi 55 434–451.
IEEE
[1]H. Genç, “İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt”, Harran İlahiyat Dergisi, sy 55, ss. 434–451, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.30623/hij.1853378.
ISNAD
Genç, Hafzullah. “İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt”. Harran İlahiyat Dergisi. 55 (01 Haziran 2026): 434-451. https://doi.org/10.30623/hij.1853378.
JAMA
1.Genç H. İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt. Harran İlahiyat Dergisi. 2026;:434–451.
MLA
Genç, Hafzullah. “İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt”. Harran İlahiyat Dergisi, sy 55, Haziran 2026, ss. 434-51, doi:10.30623/hij.1853378.
Vancouver
1.Hafzullah Genç. İbn Kemalpaşa’s Criticisms of Hocazâde Concerning Mūjib bi’l-dhāt. Harran İlahiyat Dergisi. 01 Haziran 2026;(55):434-51. doi:10.30623/hij.1853378