The Stoic Animals of Anatolia: Working Donkeys in the 2nd Millennium BC and Earlier Through Archaeological, Philological and Ethnological Evidence

Öz

Domesticated donkeys, which have been a part of Near Eastern societies since 5000 BC, have been ideal work animals due to their patient and durable nature. Arriving in Anatolia in the Late Chalcolithic Period through Mesopotamian trade networks, domesticated donkeys became an integral part of the economy, especially during the Early Bronze Age and Old Assyrian Period. Cuneiform texts of the Old Assyrian period provide detailed information on the use, care and economic value of these animals, emphasizing their indispensability in interregional trade and local economies. The scarcity of faunal remains of domesticated donkeys and the extremely detailed information provided in cuneiform tablets have led the archaeological literature on domesticated donkeys in Anatolia to focus mostly on these data. However, recent advances in zooarchaeological methods, DNA analysis, and interdisciplinary research offer new opportunities to uncover the cultural and economic role of donkeys in the ancient Near East. This study synthesizes archaeological, philological and ethnographic evidence to assess the contribution of domestic donkeys as draft and pack animals to agriculture, daily life and trade in Anatolia in the 2nd millennium BC and earlier. In addition, it highlights recent studies on the subject and emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research in identifying data on donkeys in Anatolian archaeology.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Domesticated donkeys
• draft animal
• pack animal
• Anatolia

Anadolu'nun Stoik Hayvanları: Arkeolojik, Filolojik ve Etnografik Kanıtlara Göre MÖ 2. Binyıl ve Öncesinde İş Hayvanı Olarak Eşekler

Öz

MÖ 5000’lerden itibaren Yakın Doğu toplumlarının bir parçası olan evcilleştirilmiş eşekler, sabırlı ve dayanıklı doğaları ile ideal bir iş hayvanı olmuştur. Anadolu'ya, Geç Kalkolitik Dönem'de Mezopotamya ticaret ağları aracılığıyla ulaşan evcilleştirilmiş eşekler, özellikle Erken Tunç Çağı ve Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda (MÖ 1975-1750) ekonominin ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı (ATKÇ) çivi yazılı metinleri bu hayvanların kullanımı, bakımı ve ekonomik değeri hakkında ayrıntılı bilgiler sunmakta, bölgeler arası ticaret ve yerel ekonomilerdeki vazgeçilmezliklerini vurgulamaktadır. Ancak, evcilleştirilmiş eşeklere ilişkin faunal kalıntıların azlığı ve çivi yazılı tabletlerdeki bilgilerin son derece ayrıntılı olması, Anadolu'daki evcilleştirilmiş eşeklere ilişkin arkeolojik literatürün çoğunlukla bu verilere odaklanmasına yol açmıştır. Buna karşılık son yıllarda zooarkeolojik yöntemler, DNA analizi ve disiplinler arası araştırmalarda yaşanan gelişmeler, eşeklerin antik Yakın Doğu'daki kültürel ve ekonomik rollerini ortaya çıkarmak için yeni fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, arkeolojik, filolojik ve etnografik kanıtları sentezleyerek evcil eşeklerin MÖ 2. binyıl ve öncesinde Anadolu'da koşum ve yük hayvanı olarak tarıma, günlük yaşama ve ticarete katkılarını değerlendirmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, konu ile ilgili son çalışmalara değinerek, Anadolu arkeolojisinde eşeklere ilişkin verilerin saptanmasında disiplinler arası araştırmaların önemine dikkat çekilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Evcilleştirilmiş eşekler
• koşum hayvanı
• yük hayvanı
• Anadolu

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