General Features of Reform Movement of Gaius Gracchus and Socio-Political Limits of Roman Republic

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 811 - 834, 30.11.2022

Okan Demir

Öz

The reform program of Tiberius Gracchus which mainly aimed to stop proleterazation of farmer soldiers was suppressed with blood by the senatorial oligarchy in 133 B.C.. Gaius Gracchus was elected as tribune of plebs ten years after the death of his brother and his followers and became the leader of the popular party. Gaius maintained his brother’s program by founding new colonies and protecting small-sized farmers. With recognizing some privileges and creating opportunities to collect the support of various parts of the Roman community such as equities, plebs urbana, and plebs rustica differentiated his program from his brother’s. Gaius Gracchus’s intention for granting the franchise to Italian allies thus to raise the number of his supporters from the whole of Italy was encountered opposition from the optimates, the party of senatorial oligarchy. Gaius Gracchus’ political strategy contributed to the spectrum reaching socio-political limits of Repulic within political polarization in the Late Republican period.

GAİUS GRACCHUS’UN REFORM PROGRAMININ GENEL KARAKTERİ VE ROMA CUMHURİYETİ’NİN SOSYO-POLİTİK SINIRLARI

Öz

Tiberius Gracchus’un İÖ II. yüzyıldan itibaren giderek derinleşen ve Roma ordusunun bel kemiği niteliğindeki çiftçi-askerleri mülksüzleşmesiyle gün yüzüne çıkan krizi toprak reformuyla aşmayı hedefleyen programı, nobilitastan (ünlü ailelerin mensupları) terkip eden senato oligarşisi tarafından kanla bastırılmıştır. Gaius Gracchus, ağabeyi Tiberius ve takipçilerinin öldürülmesinden yaklaşık onyıl sonra tribun seçilerek halk partisinin (populares) liderliğine geçmiştir. Gaius Gracchus’un koloni kurulumu ve küçük üreticileri koruyan çeşitli yasalar üzerinden ağabeyinin reformlarını sürdürmüştür. Gaius’un stratejisini farklılaştıran Roma siyasetinde kökleri patricii-plebes mücadelesi dönemine değin uzanan populares (halkçılar) optimates (“en iyiler”- muhafazakarlar) şeklinde İÖ III. yüzyıldan itibaren tebarüz eden siyasi kutuplaşma içerisinde populares yararına toplumun farklı kesimlerinden destek sağlama çabasıdır. O, refrom programını başarılı kılmak amacıyla equites (atlılar), plebs urbana (şehirli avam) ve plebs rustica (taşralı halk) gibi Roma toplumunun farklı kesimlerine imkanlar ve imtiyazlar yaratmıştır. İtalya’daki müttefik hukuklu topluluklara oy hakkını vererek siyasi mücadelesine tüm İtalya sathına yayarak destek toplamak istemesi, senato oligarşisini meydana getiren optimatesin engellemesiyle karşılaşmıştır. Gaius Gracchus’un reform programı kapsamında izlediği strateji, Geç Cumhuriyet dönemindeki siyasi kutuplaşmada Cumhuriyeti sosyo-politik sınırlarına ulaştıracak tayfı sunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Roma Cumhuriyeti, Toprak Reformu, Populares, Senato, Equites

Kaynakça

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