Araştırma Makalesi
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The Pentarchic Diplomacy Network of the Five Greats in the Late Bronze Age Mediterranean Basin

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 301 - 318, 10.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1404715

Öz

The period called the Late Bronze Age in the Mediterranean Basin covers the years 1550-1200 BC. Documents from this period are known from the cuneiform documents found at Tell el-Amarna. The most distinctive feature of this period is the establishment of a diplomatic network between great and small kingdoms. The most defining feature of this network based on the principle of reciprocity is trade and diplomatic marriages. The most important innovation seen in this period is that the kings addressed each other as "brother". The aim of our study is to try to understand the place of the Amarna Age in diplomacy by examining the origin of diplomatic relations in the light of archaeological and written documents. In this respect, we think that our work will lead to those who work in the field of ancient diplomacy.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, Matthew, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450 -1919. Routledge: 2013.
  • Appadurai, Arjun. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge University Press: 1986 Beckman, Gary, “International Law in the Second Millennium: Late Bronze Age”. R. Westbrook (Ed.), In A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, (Brill: 2003). 753-774.
  • Berridge, Geoff, Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan: 2022.
  • Bjola, Corneliu ve Kornprobst, Markus, Understanding International Diplomacy: Theory, Practice and Ethics. Routledge: 2018.
  • Black, Jeremy, A History of Diplomacy. Reaktion Books: 2010.
  • Bozeman, Adda, Politics and Culture in International History: From the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age. Routledge: 2017.
  • Bryce, Trevor, Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age. Routledge: 2003.
  • Bunson, Margaret, Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Facts On File: 2002.
  • CAD. The Assyrian Dictionary of The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago “H”. (Eds. I. J. Gelb, T. Jacobsen, B. Landsberger, A. L. Oppenheim), (Illinois: 1956), 84.
  • Cline, Eric, “Review: Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (Ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press: 2000”, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 105, No. 2 (Apr., 2001), 340-341.
  • Cohen, Raymond ve Westbrook, Raymond, “Introduction: The Amarna System”. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (Ed.), In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2000. 1-12.
  • Darnell, Colleen, “The New Kingdom”, I. Shaw and E. Bloxam (Ed.), In The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology, Oxford University Press: 2020. 657-683.
  • David, Rosalie, The Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge: 1986.
  • David, Rosalie, Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt. Facts On File: 2003.
  • Dijk, Jacobus Van, “The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom (c.1352-1069 BC)”. I. Shaw (Ed.), In The Oxford History Of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press: 2000. 265-307.
  • Gnirs, Andrea, “Coping with the army: the military and the state in the New Kingdom”. J. C. M. García (Ed.), In Ancient Egyptian Administration, Brill: 2013. 639-717.
  • Hamilton, Keith ve Langhorne, Richard, The Practice of Diplomacy Its evolution, theory and administration. Routledge: 2011.
  • Hasselbach-Andee, Rebecca, “Akkadian”. J. Huehnergard and N. Pat-El (Ed.), In The Semitic Languages, Routledge: 2019. 95-116.
  • Hornung, Erik, “The New Kingdom”. E. Hornung, R. Krauss, and D. A. Warburton (Ed.), In Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Brill: 2006. 197-217.
  • Jönsson, Christer ve Hall, Martin, Essence of Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan: 2005.
  • Kemp, Barry, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. Routledge: 2018.
  • Kennedy, Paul, Büyük Güçlerin Yükseliş ve Çöküşleri. (Çev. B. Karanakçı). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları: 2009.
  • Kissinger, Henry, Diplomasi. (Çev. İ. H. Kurt). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları: 2008.
  • Klinger, Jorg, “Chronological Links between the Cuneiform World of the Ancient Near East and Ancient Egypt”, E. Hornung, R. Krauss, and D. A. Warburton (Ed.), In Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Brill: 2006. 304-324.
  • Liverani, Mario, Le lettere di el-Amarna vol. 1 Le lettere dei «Piccoli Re». Paideia: 1998.
  • Liverani, Mario, Le lettere di el-Amarna vol. 2 Le lettere dei «Grandi Re». Paideia: 1999a.
  • Liverani, Mario, “Amarna Letters”. K. A. Bard (Ed.), In Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge: 1999. 150-153.
  • Liverani, Mario, “The Great Powers' Club”. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (Ed.), In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2000. 15-27.
  • Liverani, Mario, International Relations in the Near East, 1600–1100 BC. Palgrave: 2001.
  • Liverani, Mario, Myth and Politics in Ancient Near Eastern Historiography. (Ed. and Int. by Z. Bahrani and M. Van De Mieroop). Equinox Publishing Ltd: 2004.
  • Liverani, Mario, “The Late Bronze Age: Materials and Mechanisms of Trade and Cultural Exchange”. J. Aruz, K. Benzel, and J. M. Evans (Ed.) In Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B. C., Yale University Press: 2008. 161-168.
  • Mieroop, Marc Van de, A History of Ancient Near East. Wiley Blackwell: 2015.
  • Mieroop, Marc Van de, A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell: 2021.
  • Moran, William, The Amarna Letters. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 1992.
  • Morris, Ellen, The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom. Brill: 2005.
  • Mynářová, Jana, Language of Amarna - Language of Diplomacy: Perspectives on the Amarna Letters. Prague: 2007.
  • Mynářová, Jana, “Discovery, Research, and Excavation of the Amarna Tablets-The Formative Stage”. W. M. Schniedewind (Ed.), In The El-Amarna Correspondence A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of all Extant Tablets Vol. 1, Brill: 2015. 37-54.
  • Potyemkin, Vladimir, Uluslararası İlişkiler Tarihi: Diplomasi Tarihi I. (Çev. A. Tokatlı), Evrensel Basım Yayın: 2009.
  • Ragionieri, Rodolfo, “The Amarna Age: An International Society in the Making”. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (Ed.), In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2000. 42-53.
  • Rainey, Anson, F, (Collated, Transcribed and Translated by A. F. Rainey), In The El-Amarna Correspondence A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of all Extant Tablets Vol. 1, (Brill: 2015).
  • Roosen, William, The Age of Louis XIV: The Rise of Modern Diplomacy. Routledge: 2017.
  • Routledge, Carolyn, “Western Asia”. I. Shaw and E. Bloxam (Ed.), In The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology, Oxford University Press: 2000. 514-539.
  • Schniedewind, William, “Introduction”. W. M. Schniedewind (Ed.), In The El-Amarna Correspondence A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of all Extant Tablets Vol. 1, Brill: 2015. 1-35.
  • Shaw, Ian, Ancient Egypt: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press: 2004. Singh, John P., “The power of diplomacy: new meanings, and the methods for understanding digital diplomacy”. C. Bjola and M. Holmes (Ed.), In Digital Diplomacy: Theory and practice, Routledge: 2015. 181-198.
  • Spar, Ira, “The Amarna Letters”, J. Aruz, K. Benzel, and J. M. Evans (Ed.), In Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B. C. Yale University Press: 2008. 168-169.
  • Uncu, Ebru, “Mezopotamya, Anadolu ve Mısır Medeniyetlerinde Güneş Kültü”. History Studies (5/1), 2013, 349-366.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel, The Modern World System I. Academic Press: 1974. Wente, Edward Frank, Letters from Ancient Egypt. Scholars Press: 1990.
  • Wilkinson, Richard ve Doyle, Noreen, “Between Brothers: Diplomatic Interactions”. P. P. Creasman and R. H. Wilkinson (Ed.), In Pharaoh’s Land and Beyond Ancient Egypt and its Neighbors, Oxford University Press: 2017. 79-92.
  • Yıldırım, Nurgül, “Mitanni Kralı Tušratta’nın Mektupları Çerçevesinde Diplomatik Evlilikler Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Archıvum Anatolıcum (ArAn) 11/1 2017, 151.
  • Yılmaz, Cemal ve Kılıç, Yusuf, “Eski Yakındoğu’nun Diplomasi Dönemi: Amarna Çağı ve Arşivi”. Akademik Tarih Ve Düşünce Dergisi, 7(2), 2020, 879-912.
  • Yılmaz, Cemal ve Ay Arçın, Şeyma, “Urusalimum ve Amarna Mektuplarına Göre Devletlerarası İlişkilerdeki Yeri”. Cedrus 8, (Haziran 2020), 75-95.
  • Yılmaz, Cemal, “Amarna Mektupları’na Göre Doğu Akdeniz Ticaretinde Alašia-Mısır İlişkileri”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 15/1 (Haziran 2021), 279-321.

Geç Tunç Çağı Akdeniz Havzası’nda Beş Büyüklerin Pentarşik Diplomasi Ağı

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 301 - 318, 10.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1404715

Öz

Akdeniz Havzasında Geç Tunç Çağı olarak adlandırılan dönem MÖ 1550-1200 yıllarını kapsar. Bu döneme ait belgeler, Tell el-Amarna’da bulunan çivi yazılı belgelerden bilinmektedir. Bu dönemin en ayırt edici özelliği, büyük ve küçük krallıklar arasında diplomasi ağının oluşturulmuş olmasıdır. Karşılıklılık ilkesine dayalı bu ağın en belirleyici özelliği ise ticaret ve diplomatik evliliklerdir. Bu dönemde görülen en önemli yenilik ise kralların birbirlerine “kardeşim” şeklinde hitap etmeleridir. Söz konusu çalışmamızın amacı arkeolojik ve yazılı belgeler ışığında diplomatik ilişkilerin kökenini irdeleyerek, Amarna Çağının diplomasideki yerini anlamaya çalışmaktır. Bu yönüyle de çalışmamızın Antik diplomasi alanında çalışanlara ön ayak olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, Matthew, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450 -1919. Routledge: 2013.
  • Appadurai, Arjun. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge University Press: 1986 Beckman, Gary, “International Law in the Second Millennium: Late Bronze Age”. R. Westbrook (Ed.), In A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, (Brill: 2003). 753-774.
  • Berridge, Geoff, Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan: 2022.
  • Bjola, Corneliu ve Kornprobst, Markus, Understanding International Diplomacy: Theory, Practice and Ethics. Routledge: 2018.
  • Black, Jeremy, A History of Diplomacy. Reaktion Books: 2010.
  • Bozeman, Adda, Politics and Culture in International History: From the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age. Routledge: 2017.
  • Bryce, Trevor, Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age. Routledge: 2003.
  • Bunson, Margaret, Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Facts On File: 2002.
  • CAD. The Assyrian Dictionary of The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago “H”. (Eds. I. J. Gelb, T. Jacobsen, B. Landsberger, A. L. Oppenheim), (Illinois: 1956), 84.
  • Cline, Eric, “Review: Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (Ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press: 2000”, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 105, No. 2 (Apr., 2001), 340-341.
  • Cohen, Raymond ve Westbrook, Raymond, “Introduction: The Amarna System”. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (Ed.), In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2000. 1-12.
  • Darnell, Colleen, “The New Kingdom”, I. Shaw and E. Bloxam (Ed.), In The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology, Oxford University Press: 2020. 657-683.
  • David, Rosalie, The Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce. Routledge: 1986.
  • David, Rosalie, Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt. Facts On File: 2003.
  • Dijk, Jacobus Van, “The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom (c.1352-1069 BC)”. I. Shaw (Ed.), In The Oxford History Of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press: 2000. 265-307.
  • Gnirs, Andrea, “Coping with the army: the military and the state in the New Kingdom”. J. C. M. García (Ed.), In Ancient Egyptian Administration, Brill: 2013. 639-717.
  • Hamilton, Keith ve Langhorne, Richard, The Practice of Diplomacy Its evolution, theory and administration. Routledge: 2011.
  • Hasselbach-Andee, Rebecca, “Akkadian”. J. Huehnergard and N. Pat-El (Ed.), In The Semitic Languages, Routledge: 2019. 95-116.
  • Hornung, Erik, “The New Kingdom”. E. Hornung, R. Krauss, and D. A. Warburton (Ed.), In Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Brill: 2006. 197-217.
  • Jönsson, Christer ve Hall, Martin, Essence of Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan: 2005.
  • Kemp, Barry, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. Routledge: 2018.
  • Kennedy, Paul, Büyük Güçlerin Yükseliş ve Çöküşleri. (Çev. B. Karanakçı). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları: 2009.
  • Kissinger, Henry, Diplomasi. (Çev. İ. H. Kurt). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları: 2008.
  • Klinger, Jorg, “Chronological Links between the Cuneiform World of the Ancient Near East and Ancient Egypt”, E. Hornung, R. Krauss, and D. A. Warburton (Ed.), In Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Brill: 2006. 304-324.
  • Liverani, Mario, Le lettere di el-Amarna vol. 1 Le lettere dei «Piccoli Re». Paideia: 1998.
  • Liverani, Mario, Le lettere di el-Amarna vol. 2 Le lettere dei «Grandi Re». Paideia: 1999a.
  • Liverani, Mario, “Amarna Letters”. K. A. Bard (Ed.), In Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge: 1999. 150-153.
  • Liverani, Mario, “The Great Powers' Club”. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (Ed.), In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2000. 15-27.
  • Liverani, Mario, International Relations in the Near East, 1600–1100 BC. Palgrave: 2001.
  • Liverani, Mario, Myth and Politics in Ancient Near Eastern Historiography. (Ed. and Int. by Z. Bahrani and M. Van De Mieroop). Equinox Publishing Ltd: 2004.
  • Liverani, Mario, “The Late Bronze Age: Materials and Mechanisms of Trade and Cultural Exchange”. J. Aruz, K. Benzel, and J. M. Evans (Ed.) In Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B. C., Yale University Press: 2008. 161-168.
  • Mieroop, Marc Van de, A History of Ancient Near East. Wiley Blackwell: 2015.
  • Mieroop, Marc Van de, A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley Blackwell: 2021.
  • Moran, William, The Amarna Letters. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 1992.
  • Morris, Ellen, The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom. Brill: 2005.
  • Mynářová, Jana, Language of Amarna - Language of Diplomacy: Perspectives on the Amarna Letters. Prague: 2007.
  • Mynářová, Jana, “Discovery, Research, and Excavation of the Amarna Tablets-The Formative Stage”. W. M. Schniedewind (Ed.), In The El-Amarna Correspondence A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of all Extant Tablets Vol. 1, Brill: 2015. 37-54.
  • Potyemkin, Vladimir, Uluslararası İlişkiler Tarihi: Diplomasi Tarihi I. (Çev. A. Tokatlı), Evrensel Basım Yayın: 2009.
  • Ragionieri, Rodolfo, “The Amarna Age: An International Society in the Making”. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (Ed.), In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2000. 42-53.
  • Rainey, Anson, F, (Collated, Transcribed and Translated by A. F. Rainey), In The El-Amarna Correspondence A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of all Extant Tablets Vol. 1, (Brill: 2015).
  • Roosen, William, The Age of Louis XIV: The Rise of Modern Diplomacy. Routledge: 2017.
  • Routledge, Carolyn, “Western Asia”. I. Shaw and E. Bloxam (Ed.), In The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology, Oxford University Press: 2000. 514-539.
  • Schniedewind, William, “Introduction”. W. M. Schniedewind (Ed.), In The El-Amarna Correspondence A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of all Extant Tablets Vol. 1, Brill: 2015. 1-35.
  • Shaw, Ian, Ancient Egypt: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press: 2004. Singh, John P., “The power of diplomacy: new meanings, and the methods for understanding digital diplomacy”. C. Bjola and M. Holmes (Ed.), In Digital Diplomacy: Theory and practice, Routledge: 2015. 181-198.
  • Spar, Ira, “The Amarna Letters”, J. Aruz, K. Benzel, and J. M. Evans (Ed.), In Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B. C. Yale University Press: 2008. 168-169.
  • Uncu, Ebru, “Mezopotamya, Anadolu ve Mısır Medeniyetlerinde Güneş Kültü”. History Studies (5/1), 2013, 349-366.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel, The Modern World System I. Academic Press: 1974. Wente, Edward Frank, Letters from Ancient Egypt. Scholars Press: 1990.
  • Wilkinson, Richard ve Doyle, Noreen, “Between Brothers: Diplomatic Interactions”. P. P. Creasman and R. H. Wilkinson (Ed.), In Pharaoh’s Land and Beyond Ancient Egypt and its Neighbors, Oxford University Press: 2017. 79-92.
  • Yıldırım, Nurgül, “Mitanni Kralı Tušratta’nın Mektupları Çerçevesinde Diplomatik Evlilikler Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Archıvum Anatolıcum (ArAn) 11/1 2017, 151.
  • Yılmaz, Cemal ve Kılıç, Yusuf, “Eski Yakındoğu’nun Diplomasi Dönemi: Amarna Çağı ve Arşivi”. Akademik Tarih Ve Düşünce Dergisi, 7(2), 2020, 879-912.
  • Yılmaz, Cemal ve Ay Arçın, Şeyma, “Urusalimum ve Amarna Mektuplarına Göre Devletlerarası İlişkilerdeki Yeri”. Cedrus 8, (Haziran 2020), 75-95.
  • Yılmaz, Cemal, “Amarna Mektupları’na Göre Doğu Akdeniz Ticaretinde Alašia-Mısır İlişkileri”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 15/1 (Haziran 2021), 279-321.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eski Önasya Tarihi, Eskiçağ Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Serdar Özbilen 0000-0003-4061-5897

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Özbilen, Serdar. “Geç Tunç Çağı Akdeniz Havzası’nda Beş Büyüklerin Pentarşik Diplomasi Ağı”. History Studies 16, sy. 3 (Ağustos 2024): 301-18. https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1404715.