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Kurtuluştan Ma’neviyyâta: Doğu Asya’dan Bakışla Dinlerin Güncel Dönüşümü

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 1185 - 1209, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.772843

Öz

Günümüz dünyasında egemen seküler görüşe karşı dinî bir dünya görüşünü yeniden kurma eğilimi bulunmaktadır. Bu eğilim geleneksel dinlere dönüş, ma’neviyyâtın yükselişi ve modern kurumsal alanda dindarlığın artışı olmak üzere üç açıdan gözlemlenebilmektedir. Ma’neviyyâtın yükselişi, bu makalenin ana odak noktasıdır. Yazar, başta ekonomik açıdan gelişmiş ülkelerde olmak üzere yeni bir ma’neviyyâtın ortaya çıktığı ve yayıldığı tarihsel süreci incelemektedir. Yazar, insanların kurtuluşa olan inancına karşın bu fenomenin şüphecilik ile ilgili olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Ekonomik açıdan gelişmiş ülkelerde dünya görüşünün güncel bir dönüşümü, "dinden ma’neviyyâta" şeklinde görülebilmekte, diğer taraftan bu dönüşümü “kurtuluştan ma’neviyyâta" şeklinde adlandırmak daha uygun olabilmektedir. Geleneksel dinlerin dışında gelişen “yeni ma’neviyyât" ile geleneksel dinlerde gelişen ma’neviyyâta verilen önem arasında mantıksal bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Din ve ma’neviyyât arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamak için din ve ma’neviyyâtın genel geçer olmayan tanımları teklif edilmektedir. Din ve yeni ma’neviyyât arasında bir gerilim olmasına rağmen, başka bir açıdan din ve yeni ma’neviyyât, birbirini tamamlayıcıdır. Burada önerilen tamamlayıcı anlayış, dinî tarihin Doğu Asya perspektifini yansıtmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Asad, Talal. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
  • Asad, Talal. Formation of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. 2003.
  • Bellah, Robert. “Religious Evolution”. American Sociological Review 29 (1964), 258-274.
  • Bellah, Robert vd. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
  • Berger, Peter. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. New York: Doubleday and Co., 1967.
  • Carrette, Jeremy - Richard King. Selling Spirituality: The Silent Takeover of Religion. Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge, 2005.
  • Casanova, José. Public Religion in the Modern World. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  • Demerath, N. J. iii. “Secularization and Sacralization Deconstructed and Reconstructed”. The Sage Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. ed. James A. Beckford - N. J. Demerath iii. 57-80. London: Sage Publications, 2007.
  • Fuller, Robert. Spiritual but not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Heelas, Paul. The New Age Movement. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
  • Jaspers, Carl. Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte. München: R. Piper, 1949.
  • Juergensmeyer, Mark K. The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  • Katz, Alfred H. Self-Help in America: A Sociological Movement Perspective. Detroit: Twayne Publishers, 1993. Kepel, Gilles. La revanche de Dies. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1991.
  • Kippenberg, Hans G. Die Entdeckung der Religionsgeschichte: Religionswissenschaft und Moderne. München: Verlag, 1997.
  • Marx, Karl. Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung, Paris: DeutschFranzösische Jahrbücher, 1844.
  • McGrath, Alister E. Christian Spirituality: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.
  • McGuire, Meredith B. Religion: The Sociological Context. 5. Basım, Belmont: Wadsworth, 2002.
  • McGuire, Meredith B. Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Melton, John Gordon. New Age Encyclopedia. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1990.
  • Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. Hymnus an das leben für gemischten chor und orchester ... Partitur. Leipzig: E. W. Fritzsch, 1887.
  • Roof, Wade Clark. A Generation of Seekers: The Spiritual Journeys of the Baby Boom Generation. New York: Harper Collins, 1993.
  • Roof, Wade Clark. Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers and the Remaking of American Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  • Saito Satoru 斎藤 学. Tamashii no Kazoku o motomete: Watshi no serufu herupu gurūpu ron 魂の家族を求めて―私のセルフヘルプ・グループ論 [Seeking a family of soul]. Tokyo: Nihon Hyōron-sha, 1995.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. Gendai Kyūsai Shūkyō ron 現代救済宗教論 [Contemporary salvation religion theory]. Tokyo: Seikyū-sha, 1992.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. Seishinsekai no yukue: Gendai sekai to shin-reisei undō 精神世界のゆくえ 現代世界と新霊性運動 [Direction of the spiritual world: The contemporary world and the new spirituality movement]. Tokyo: Tōkyōdō Shuppan, 1996.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. “Gendai shūkyō to kōkyōkūkan: Nippon no jōkyō o chūshin ni 現代宗教と 公共空間―日本の状況を中心に”. Shakaigaku Hyōron, Mart (2000), 541-555.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. “New Spirituality Culture and Religious Tradition”. Traditional Religion and Culture in a New Era. ed. Reimon Bachika. 155-169. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 2002.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. From Salvation to Spirituality: Popular Religious Movements in Modern Japan. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2004a.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. “Shūkyō no shinka o ronjiuruka: Parsons Shūkyōron no genkai 宗教の進 化を論じうるか―パーソンズ宗教論の限界 [Can it be seen as the evolution of religion? Limits of Parsons’ religious theory]”. Parsons Renaissance eno Shōtai: Talcott Parsons seitan hyakunen パーソンズ・ルネッサンスへの招 待―タルコット・パーソンズ生誕百年を記念して [Invitation to Parsons’ renaissance: Commemorating the 100th birthday of Talcott Parsons], ed. Tominaga Ken’ichi - Tokuyasu Akira. 103-118. Tokyo: Keisō Shobō, 2004b.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. Spirituality no kōryū: Shin-reisei bunka to sono shūhenスピリチュアリテ の興 隆―新霊性文化とその周辺 [The rise of spirituality: New spirituality culture and its surroundings]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2007a.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. “Reiteki sekaikan o toku riyū: Iida Fumihiko to “Umarekawari” no ikigai ron 霊的世界観を説く理由─飯田史彦と「生まれ変わり」の生きがい論 [Reason to advocate a spiritual world view: Iida Fumihiko and his reason for living of rebirth theory]”. Rei wa dokoni irunoka 霊はどこにいるのか [Where are spirits?]. ed. Ichiyanagi Hirotaka - Yoshida Morrio. 48-61. Tokyo: Seikyūsha, 2007b.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. “Contemporary religions and the public arena: Centering on the situation in Japan”. The Centrality of Religion in Social Life: Essays in Honour ofJames A. Beckford. ed. Eileen Barker. 203-13. Surrey: Ashgate, 2008.
  • Suzuki Daisetsu 鈴木大拙. Nihonteki Reisei 日本的霊性 [Japanese spirituality]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten (Originally published by Daitō Shuppansha, 1944), 1972.
  • Wilson, Bryan. Religion in Secular Society: A Sociological Comment. New York: Penguin, 1966.
  • Suzuki Daisetsu 鈴木大拙. Religion in Sociological Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
  • Wuthnow, Robert. After Heaven: Spirituality in America since the 1950s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
  • York, Michael. The Emerging Network: A Sociology of the New Age and Neo-Pagan Movements. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995.

From Salvation to Spirituality: The Contemporary Transformation of Religions Viewed from East Asia

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 1185 - 1209, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.772843

Öz

In the contemporary world there is a trend to restore a religious world view against the dominant secularist view. Three aspects can be observed: 1. a return to traditional religions; 2. the rise of spirituality; and 3. an increase in religiosity within the modern institutional sphere. In this article the main focus is on the rise of spirituality. The author examines the historical process through which a new spirituality, mainly in economically advanced countries, has emerged and spread. The author proposes that this phenomena is related to skepticism against people’s faith in salvation. In economically advanced countries, a contemporary transformation of the world view can be seen as “from religion to spirituality,” but it may be more appropriate to call this transformation “from salvation to spirituality.” There is continuity between “new spirituality,” which develops outside the traditional religions, and an emphasis on spirituality which develops within the traditional religions. In order to understand the relationship between religion and spirituality, provisional definitions of religion and spirituality are proposed. Although there is a tension between religion and new spirituality, from another viewpoint religion and new spirituality are complementary. The understanding of this complement proposed here reflects an East Asian perspective of religious history.

Kaynakça

  • Asad, Talal. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
  • Asad, Talal. Formation of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. 2003.
  • Bellah, Robert. “Religious Evolution”. American Sociological Review 29 (1964), 258-274.
  • Bellah, Robert vd. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
  • Berger, Peter. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. New York: Doubleday and Co., 1967.
  • Carrette, Jeremy - Richard King. Selling Spirituality: The Silent Takeover of Religion. Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge, 2005.
  • Casanova, José. Public Religion in the Modern World. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  • Demerath, N. J. iii. “Secularization and Sacralization Deconstructed and Reconstructed”. The Sage Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. ed. James A. Beckford - N. J. Demerath iii. 57-80. London: Sage Publications, 2007.
  • Fuller, Robert. Spiritual but not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Heelas, Paul. The New Age Movement. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
  • Jaspers, Carl. Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte. München: R. Piper, 1949.
  • Juergensmeyer, Mark K. The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  • Katz, Alfred H. Self-Help in America: A Sociological Movement Perspective. Detroit: Twayne Publishers, 1993. Kepel, Gilles. La revanche de Dies. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1991.
  • Kippenberg, Hans G. Die Entdeckung der Religionsgeschichte: Religionswissenschaft und Moderne. München: Verlag, 1997.
  • Marx, Karl. Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung, Paris: DeutschFranzösische Jahrbücher, 1844.
  • McGrath, Alister E. Christian Spirituality: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.
  • McGuire, Meredith B. Religion: The Sociological Context. 5. Basım, Belmont: Wadsworth, 2002.
  • McGuire, Meredith B. Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Melton, John Gordon. New Age Encyclopedia. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1990.
  • Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. Hymnus an das leben für gemischten chor und orchester ... Partitur. Leipzig: E. W. Fritzsch, 1887.
  • Roof, Wade Clark. A Generation of Seekers: The Spiritual Journeys of the Baby Boom Generation. New York: Harper Collins, 1993.
  • Roof, Wade Clark. Spiritual Marketplace: Baby Boomers and the Remaking of American Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  • Saito Satoru 斎藤 学. Tamashii no Kazoku o motomete: Watshi no serufu herupu gurūpu ron 魂の家族を求めて―私のセルフヘルプ・グループ論 [Seeking a family of soul]. Tokyo: Nihon Hyōron-sha, 1995.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. Gendai Kyūsai Shūkyō ron 現代救済宗教論 [Contemporary salvation religion theory]. Tokyo: Seikyū-sha, 1992.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. Seishinsekai no yukue: Gendai sekai to shin-reisei undō 精神世界のゆくえ 現代世界と新霊性運動 [Direction of the spiritual world: The contemporary world and the new spirituality movement]. Tokyo: Tōkyōdō Shuppan, 1996.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. “Gendai shūkyō to kōkyōkūkan: Nippon no jōkyō o chūshin ni 現代宗教と 公共空間―日本の状況を中心に”. Shakaigaku Hyōron, Mart (2000), 541-555.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. “New Spirituality Culture and Religious Tradition”. Traditional Religion and Culture in a New Era. ed. Reimon Bachika. 155-169. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 2002.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. From Salvation to Spirituality: Popular Religious Movements in Modern Japan. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2004a.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. “Shūkyō no shinka o ronjiuruka: Parsons Shūkyōron no genkai 宗教の進 化を論じうるか―パーソンズ宗教論の限界 [Can it be seen as the evolution of religion? Limits of Parsons’ religious theory]”. Parsons Renaissance eno Shōtai: Talcott Parsons seitan hyakunen パーソンズ・ルネッサンスへの招 待―タルコット・パーソンズ生誕百年を記念して [Invitation to Parsons’ renaissance: Commemorating the 100th birthday of Talcott Parsons], ed. Tominaga Ken’ichi - Tokuyasu Akira. 103-118. Tokyo: Keisō Shobō, 2004b.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. Spirituality no kōryū: Shin-reisei bunka to sono shūhenスピリチュアリテ の興 隆―新霊性文化とその周辺 [The rise of spirituality: New spirituality culture and its surroundings]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2007a.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. “Reiteki sekaikan o toku riyū: Iida Fumihiko to “Umarekawari” no ikigai ron 霊的世界観を説く理由─飯田史彦と「生まれ変わり」の生きがい論 [Reason to advocate a spiritual world view: Iida Fumihiko and his reason for living of rebirth theory]”. Rei wa dokoni irunoka 霊はどこにいるのか [Where are spirits?]. ed. Ichiyanagi Hirotaka - Yoshida Morrio. 48-61. Tokyo: Seikyūsha, 2007b.
  • Shimazono Susumu 島薗 進. “Contemporary religions and the public arena: Centering on the situation in Japan”. The Centrality of Religion in Social Life: Essays in Honour ofJames A. Beckford. ed. Eileen Barker. 203-13. Surrey: Ashgate, 2008.
  • Suzuki Daisetsu 鈴木大拙. Nihonteki Reisei 日本的霊性 [Japanese spirituality]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten (Originally published by Daitō Shuppansha, 1944), 1972.
  • Wilson, Bryan. Religion in Secular Society: A Sociological Comment. New York: Penguin, 1966.
  • Suzuki Daisetsu 鈴木大拙. Religion in Sociological Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
  • Wuthnow, Robert. After Heaven: Spirituality in America since the 1950s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
  • York, Michael. The Emerging Network: A Sociology of the New Age and Neo-Pagan Movements. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Çeviriler
Yazarlar

Shimazono Susumu Bu kişi benim

Çevirmenler

Yetkin Karaoğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Susumu, Shimazono. “Kurtuluştan Ma’neviyyâta: Doğu Asya’dan Bakışla Dinlerin Güncel Dönüşümü”. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. Yetkin KaraoğluTrc 19/2 (Aralık 2020), 1185-1209. https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.772843.
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