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Acinetobacter baumannii Suşlarında Serum Proteinlerinin in-vitro Antibiyotik Sinerji Testleri Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 95 - 102, 28.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.52827/hititmedj.1790145
https://izlik.org/JA85XB64LC

Öz

Amaç: Antimikrobiyal direnç, küresel sağlık açısından kritik bir tehdit olup ampirik antibiyotik tedavisinin etkinliğini ciddi biçimde azaltmaktadır. Bu nedenle, antibiyotik duyarlılık testlerinin doğruluğu ve güvenilirliği büyük önem taşır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Acinetobacter baumannii suşlarının karbapenem grubu antibiyotikler ve ampisilin-sulbaktam kombinasyonlarına karşı in vitro etkinliğini ve fetal bovin serum (FBS) varlığında bu kombinasyonların sinerjistik etkilerini değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 18 çoklu dirençli ve iki standart A. baumannii suşu dahil edilmiştir. Minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon (MİK) ve fraksiyonel inhibitör konsantrasyon (FİK) testleri Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) rehberine uygun olarak uygulanmıştır. Sinerji analizleri sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemiyle yapılmış ve FBS ortamında adaptasyon sonrası testler tekrarlanmıştır.
Bulgular: Acinetobacter baumannii izolatlarında direnç oranları imipenem (IPM) ve meropenem (MEM) için %95, doripenem (DOR) için %90, sulbaktam-ampisilin (SAM) için %85 olarak saptandı. MİK₅₀/MİK₉₀ değerleri sırasıyla SAM: 8/32, IPM: 32/32, MEM: 32/32, DOR: 32/32 µg/mL olarak hesaplandı. Kombinasyon testlerinde SAM-DOR kombinasyonu %15 sinerji ve %45 kısmi sinerji ile en etkili çift olarak bulundu. Fetal bovin serum ortamında, sinerji oranlarının %5’e düştüğü, antagonizma oranlarının ise %15’e kadar yükseldiği saptandı (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Çalışma sonucunda, bazı antibiyotik kombinasyonları sinerjik etki gösterse de, serum proteinlerinin varlığı bu sinerjiyi anlamlı düzeyde azalttığı görülmüştür. Bu durum, in vitro ortamdaki test sonuçlarına ek olarak in vivo ortamdaki fizyolojik koşulların dikkate alınmasının klinik karar verme sürecinde kritik bir gereklilik olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, antibiyotik kombinasyonlarının değerlendirilmesinde sadece mikrobiyolojik veriler değil, aynı zamanda konakçı faktörlerinin de dikkate alındığı test protokollerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Çalışmada kullanılan tüm materyaller (bakteri kökenleri, serum vb.) laboratuvar araştırmaları için üretilen ticari ürünlerden oluşmakta olup, deneyler boyunca hiçbir insan ya da hayvandan örnek alınmamıştır. Bu nedenle etik kurul ihtiyacı bulunmamaktadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Sakarya Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

2016-08-06-009

Kaynakça

  • Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2022;399:629-655.
  • World Health Organization. Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.
  • European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Definitive document: Methods for the determination of susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998;4:291-296.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for determining bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents; approved guideline. CLSI; 1999.
  • Hall MJ, Middleton RF, Westmacott D. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index as a measure of synergy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983;11:427-433.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twentieth Informational Supplement M100-S24. CLSI; 2014.
  • Stratton CW, Weinstein MP, Reller LB. Correlation of serum bactericidal activity with antimicrobial agent level and minimal bactericidal concentration. J Infect Dis 1982;145:160-168.
  • Yalçın N, Akkaya M, Demirkan K. Ekstrakorporeal membran oksijenizasyonunda ilaç ve doz optimizasyonu. J Turk Soc Intens Care 2024;22:1-14.
  • Chambers HF, Mills J, Drake TA, Sande MA. Failure of a once daily regimen of cefonicid for treatment of endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Rev Infect Dis 1984;6:870-874.
  • Reller LB. The serum bactericidal test. Rev Infect Dis 1986;8:803-808.
  • Nix DE, Matthias KR, Ferguson EC. Effect of ertapenem protein binding on killing of bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3419-3424.
  • Choi JY, Park YS, Cho CH, et al. Synergic in-vitro activity of imipenem and sulbactam against Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:1098-1101.
  • Gavin JJ. Analytical microbiology: I. The test organism. Appl Microbiol 1956;4:323-331.
  • Greco WR, Bravo G, Parsons JC. The search for synergy: a critical review from a response surface perspective. Pharmacol Rev 1995;47:331-385.
  • Si Z, Pethe K, Chan-Park MB. Chemical basis of combination therapy to combat antibiotic resistance. JACS Au 2023;3(2):276-292.
  • Boutzoukas A, Doi Y. The global epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2025;7(4):dlaf134.
  • Tamma PD, Heil EL, Justo JA, Mathers AJ, Satlin MJ, Bonomo RA. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis 2024;Ahead of Print:ciae403.
  • Spernovasilis N, Ishak A, Tsioutis C, Alon-Ellenbogen D, Agouridis AP, Mazonakis N. Sulbactam for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: a literature review. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2025;7(2):dlaf055.
  • Yilmaz GR, Guven T, Guner R, Kocak Tufan Z, Izdes S, Tasyaran MA, et al. Colistin alone or combined with sulbactam or carbapenem against A. baumannii in ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Infect Dev Ctries 2015;9(5):476-485.
  • Çıkman A, Ceylan MR, Parlak M, Karahocagil MK, Berktaş M. İmipeneme dirençli Acinetobacter baumannii izolatlarında kolistin-ampisilin/sulbaktam kombinasyonu etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013;47:147-151.
  • Alada DM, Altoparlak U, Coskun MV. Çeşitli antibiyotik kombinasyonlarının Acinetobacter suşları üzerine in vitro etkinliğinin araştırılması. ANKEM Derg 2017;31:23-31.
  • Karlowsky JA, Hackel MA, McLeod SM, Miller AA. In vitro activity of sulbactam-durlobactam against global isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex collected from 2016 to 2021. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022;66:e0078122.
  • Emamgholitabar Malekshah F, Gholami M, Pahlavanian M, Goli HR. Investigating the prevalence of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from burn wound infections. Sci Rep 2025;15:31857.
  • Shi J, Mao X, Sun F, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in ICU wards. Microbiol Spectr 2025;13:e0261924.
  • Tanaka R. Pharmacokinetic variability and significance of therapeutic drug monitoring for broad-spectrum antimicrobials in critically ill patients. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2025;11(1):21.
  • Sovadinová I, Kuroda K, Palermo EF. Unexpected enhancement of antimicrobial polymer activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of fetal bovine serum. Molecules 2021;26:4512.
  • Ahmed H, Böhmdorfer M, Eberl S, Jäger W, Zeitlinger M. Interspecies variability in protein binding of antibiotics: basis for translational PK/PD studies—a case study using cefazolin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024;68:e0164723.

The Effect of Serum Proteins in Acinetobacter baumannii Strains on in-vitro Antibiotic Synergy Tests

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 95 - 102, 28.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.52827/hititmedj.1790145
https://izlik.org/JA85XB64LC

Öz

Objective: Antimicrobial resistance poses a critical threat to global health and significantly compromises the effectiveness of empirical antibiotic therapy. Therefore, the accuracy and reliability of antimicrobial susceptibility testing are of paramount importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of Acinetobacter baumannii strains against carbapenem group antibiotics and ampicillin-sulbactam combinations and the synergistic effects of these combinations in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS).
Material and Method: A total of 18 multidrug-resistant and two standard A. baumannii strains were included in the study. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) tests were performed in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Synergy analyses were conducted using the broth microdilution method, and tests were repeated following adaptation in FBS-supplemented medium.
Results: Resistance rates among the A. baumannii isolates were found to be 95% for imipenem (IPM) and meropenem (MEM), 90% for doripenem (DOR), and 85% for ampicillin-sulbactam (SAM). MIC₅₀/MIC₉₀ values were calculated as follows: SAM: 8/32 µg/mL, IPM: 32/32 µg/mL, MEM: 32/32 µg/mL, and DOR: 32/32 µg/mL. Among the combination therapies, SAM-DOR demonstrated the highest efficacy, exhibiting 15% synergy and 45% partial synergy. In the presence of FBS, synergy rates decreased to 5%, while antagonism increased to 15% (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Although certain antibiotic combinations exhibited synergistic effects in vitro, the presence of serum proteins significantly reduced these synergistic interactions. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating physiological conditions into susceptibility testing, as in vitro results may not fully predict in vivo efficacy. Accordingly, there is a pressing need for test protocols that integrate both microbiological data and host-related factors in the evaluation of antibiotic combinations.

Etik Beyan

All materials used in the study (bacterial strains, serum, etc.) were commercial products produced for laboratory research, and no human or animal samples were taken during the experiments. Therefore, there was no need for an ethics committee.

Destekleyen Kurum

Sakarya University

Proje Numarası

2016-08-06-009

Kaynakça

  • Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2022;399:629-655.
  • World Health Organization. Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.
  • European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Definitive document: Methods for the determination of susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998;4:291-296.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for determining bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents; approved guideline. CLSI; 1999.
  • Hall MJ, Middleton RF, Westmacott D. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index as a measure of synergy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983;11:427-433.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twentieth Informational Supplement M100-S24. CLSI; 2014.
  • Stratton CW, Weinstein MP, Reller LB. Correlation of serum bactericidal activity with antimicrobial agent level and minimal bactericidal concentration. J Infect Dis 1982;145:160-168.
  • Yalçın N, Akkaya M, Demirkan K. Ekstrakorporeal membran oksijenizasyonunda ilaç ve doz optimizasyonu. J Turk Soc Intens Care 2024;22:1-14.
  • Chambers HF, Mills J, Drake TA, Sande MA. Failure of a once daily regimen of cefonicid for treatment of endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Rev Infect Dis 1984;6:870-874.
  • Reller LB. The serum bactericidal test. Rev Infect Dis 1986;8:803-808.
  • Nix DE, Matthias KR, Ferguson EC. Effect of ertapenem protein binding on killing of bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3419-3424.
  • Choi JY, Park YS, Cho CH, et al. Synergic in-vitro activity of imipenem and sulbactam against Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:1098-1101.
  • Gavin JJ. Analytical microbiology: I. The test organism. Appl Microbiol 1956;4:323-331.
  • Greco WR, Bravo G, Parsons JC. The search for synergy: a critical review from a response surface perspective. Pharmacol Rev 1995;47:331-385.
  • Si Z, Pethe K, Chan-Park MB. Chemical basis of combination therapy to combat antibiotic resistance. JACS Au 2023;3(2):276-292.
  • Boutzoukas A, Doi Y. The global epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2025;7(4):dlaf134.
  • Tamma PD, Heil EL, Justo JA, Mathers AJ, Satlin MJ, Bonomo RA. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis 2024;Ahead of Print:ciae403.
  • Spernovasilis N, Ishak A, Tsioutis C, Alon-Ellenbogen D, Agouridis AP, Mazonakis N. Sulbactam for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: a literature review. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2025;7(2):dlaf055.
  • Yilmaz GR, Guven T, Guner R, Kocak Tufan Z, Izdes S, Tasyaran MA, et al. Colistin alone or combined with sulbactam or carbapenem against A. baumannii in ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Infect Dev Ctries 2015;9(5):476-485.
  • Çıkman A, Ceylan MR, Parlak M, Karahocagil MK, Berktaş M. İmipeneme dirençli Acinetobacter baumannii izolatlarında kolistin-ampisilin/sulbaktam kombinasyonu etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013;47:147-151.
  • Alada DM, Altoparlak U, Coskun MV. Çeşitli antibiyotik kombinasyonlarının Acinetobacter suşları üzerine in vitro etkinliğinin araştırılması. ANKEM Derg 2017;31:23-31.
  • Karlowsky JA, Hackel MA, McLeod SM, Miller AA. In vitro activity of sulbactam-durlobactam against global isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex collected from 2016 to 2021. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022;66:e0078122.
  • Emamgholitabar Malekshah F, Gholami M, Pahlavanian M, Goli HR. Investigating the prevalence of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from burn wound infections. Sci Rep 2025;15:31857.
  • Shi J, Mao X, Sun F, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in ICU wards. Microbiol Spectr 2025;13:e0261924.
  • Tanaka R. Pharmacokinetic variability and significance of therapeutic drug monitoring for broad-spectrum antimicrobials in critically ill patients. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2025;11(1):21.
  • Sovadinová I, Kuroda K, Palermo EF. Unexpected enhancement of antimicrobial polymer activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of fetal bovine serum. Molecules 2021;26:4512.
  • Ahmed H, Böhmdorfer M, Eberl S, Jäger W, Zeitlinger M. Interspecies variability in protein binding of antibiotics: basis for translational PK/PD studies—a case study using cefazolin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024;68:e0164723.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Tıbbi Bakteriyoloji, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

İhsan Hakkı Çiftci 0000-0002-9812-134X

Elmas Pınar Kahraman Kılbaş 0000-0003-1348-625X

İmdat Kılbaş 0000-0002-8909-4140

Proje Numarası 2016-08-06-009
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 27 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.52827/hititmedj.1790145
IZ https://izlik.org/JA85XB64LC
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA 1.Çiftci İH, Kahraman Kılbaş EP, Kılbaş İ. Acinetobacter baumannii Suşlarında Serum Proteinlerinin in-vitro Antibiyotik Sinerji Testleri Üzerine Etkisi. Hitit Medical Journal. 2026;8(1):95-102. doi:10.52827/hititmedj.1790145