Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Ölümcül Bir Komplikasyon: Trakea-özofageal Fistül

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 181 - 187, 23.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.52827/hititmedj.1572393

Öz

Amaç: Trakea-özofageal fistül, trakeanın posterior duvarı ile komşu özofagusun anterior duvarı arasında gelişen anormal yoldur ve etiyolojisinde endotrakeal balon ilişkili travma, trakeostomi uygulaması sırasında arka duvar hasarı, kötü genel sağlık durumu, solunum yolu enfeksiyonları ve steroid tedavileri bildirilmiştir. Bizim bu çalışmadaki amacımız trakea-özofageal fistül gelişen hastaların demografik özelliklerini, trakeostomi uygulanma zamanını ve hastaların trakeal aspirasyon kültürlerinde üreyen mikroorganizmaların özelliklerini araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya herhangi bir sebeple yoğun bakım ünitesinde orotrakeal entübasyon tüpü veya trakeostomi kanülü aracılığıyla mekanik ventilasyon ile takip edilirken trakea-özofageal fistül gelişen tüm hastalar dahil edilmiştir. Hastaların yaş, cinsiyet, yoğun bakım ünitesi kabul nedeni, trakea-özofageal fistülün kaçıncı günde gerçekleştiği, trakeostomi uygulaması, mortalite durumu, ilaç kullanımı, trakeal aspirasyon kültüründe üreyen mikroorganizmalar kaydedildi.
Bulgular: Toplam 30 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hastalarda trakea-özofageal fistül geliştiğinde mekanik ventilasyon günü 41,3 gün idi. Trakea-özofageal fistül geliştiğinde 27 hasta (%90) trakeostomili iken 3 hastada (%10) endotrakeal tüp mevcuttu. Trakeostomi uygulanma günü ise ortalama 21,7 gün idi. Hastaların mekanik ventilasyon süresi ortalama 68,5 gün iken yoğun bakım ünitesi yatış gün sayısı 71,2 gündü. Hastalardan toplam 65 derin trakeal aspirasyon kültürü örneği alındı. 24 hastada (%80) trakea-özofageal fistül gelişimi öncesinde trakeal aspirasyon kültüründe üreme varken en sık üreme %26,1 ile klebsiella pneumoniae idi. Hastaların %86,7’sinde mortalite gelişirken %13,3 hastanın sıhhat ile taburcu olduğu saptandı.
Sonuç: Sonuç olarak yoğun bakım ünitelerinde gelişen trakea-özofageal fistül oldukça mortal seyreden bir komplikasyon olup, bu hastaların büyük çoğunluğunda uzamış mekanik ventilasyon, trakeal aspirasyon kültüründe üreme, steroid kullanımı, hipoalbuminemi, nöromüsküler ilaç kullanımı, yüksek SAPS 3 ve APACHE II skorları olduğunu görmekteyiz.

Etik Beyan

Sakarya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Yerel Etik Kurulu onayı alındı (E-71522473-050.04-364001-139)

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Teşekkür

yok

Kaynakça

  • Diddee R, Shaw IH. Acquired tracheo-oesophageal fistula in adults. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia. Crit Care Pain 2006;6:105-108.
  • Payne DK, Anderson WM, Romero MD, Wissing DR, Fowler M. Tracheoesophageal fistula formation intubated Patients. Chest 1990;98:161-164.
  • Sanwal MK, Ganjoo P, Tandon MS. Posttracheostomy tracheoesophageal fistula. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2012;28:140-141.
  • Mattioli F, Marchioni A, Andreani A, Cappiello G, Fermi M, Presutti L. Post-intubation tracheal stenosis in COVID-19 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021;278:847-848.
  • Marzelle J, Dartevelle P, Khalife J, Rojas-Miranda A, Chapelier A, Levasseur P. Surgical management of acquired post-intubation tracheo-oesophageal fistulas: 27 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1989;3:499-502; discussion 502-503.
  • Kucuk C, Arda K, Ata N, Turkkani MH, Yildiz OO. Tracheomegaly and tracheosephagial fistula following mechanical ventilation: A case report and review of the literature. Respir Med Case Rep 2016;17:86-89.
  • Kaur D, Anand S, Sharma P, Kumar A. Early presentation of postintubation tracheoesophageal fistula: Perioperative anesthetic management. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2012;28:114-116.
  • Paraschiv M. Tracheoesophageal fistula - a complication of prolonged tracheal intubation. J Med Life 2014;7:516-521.
  • Couraud L, Ballester MJ, Delaisement C. Acquired tracheoesophageal fistula and its management. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;8:392-399.
  • Macchiarini P, Verhoye JP, Chapelier A, Fadel E, Dartevelle P. Evaluation and outcome of different surgical techniques for post intubation tracheoesophageal fistulas. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:268-276.
  • Reed MF, Mathisen DJ. Tracheoesophageal fistula. Chest Surg Clin N Am 2003;13:271-289.
  • Plummer AL, Gracey DR. Consensus conference on artificial airways in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest 1989;96:178-180.
  • Veenith T, Ganeshamoorthy S, Standley T, Carter J, Young P. Intensive care unit tracheostomy: a snapshot of UK practice. Int Arch Med 2008;1:21.
  • Vargas M, Sutherasan Y, Antonelli M et al. Tracheostomy procedures in the intensive care unit: an international survey. Crit Care 2015;19:291.
  • Kocayigit H, Suner KO, Peksen O, Kızılısık H, Tomak Y. Retrospective Analysis of Patirnt with Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy in Intensive Care Unit. J Contemp Med 2022;12:189-191.
  • Ke M, Wu X, Zeng J. The treatment strategy for tracheoesophageal fistula. J Thorac Dis 2015;7:389-397.
  • Wang Q, Duan Z, Liu S, Shi R. Efficacy and risk factors of stent placement in the treatment of malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Front Oncol 2024;14:1421020.
  • Mathisen DJ, Grillo HC, Wain JC, Hilgenberg AD. Management of acquired nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;52:759-765.
  • Foroulis CN, Nana C, Kleontas A et al. Repair of postintubation tracheoesophageal fistulae through the left presternocleidomastoid approach: a recent case series of 13 patients. J Thorac Dis 2015;7(Suppl 1):S20-26.
  • Kim HS, Khemasuwan D, Diaz-Mendoza J, Mehta AC. Management of tracheo-oesophageal fistula in adults. Eur Respir Rev 2020;29:200094.
  • Zhou C, Hu Y, Xiao Y, Yin W. Current treatment of tracheoesophageal fistula. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2017;11:173-180.
  • Vedhapoodi AG, Ankle NR, Nagmoti J. Microbial Pattern of Tracheal Aspirate in Tracheostomized Patients in a Tertiary Care Center and Its Clinical Implications. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2021;13:87-94.
  • Lepainteur M, Ogna A, Clair B et al. Risk factors for respiratory tract bacterial colonization in adults with neuromuscular or neurological disorders and chronic tracheostomy. Respir Med 2019;152:32-36.
  • Ścibik Ł, Ochońska D, Gołda-Cępa M, Brzychczy-Włoch M, Kotarba A. Microbiological analysis of tracheostomy tube biofilms and antibiotic resistance profiles of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Otolaryngol Pol 2022;76:1-13.
  • Teshon A, Reyes R, Schammel DP et al. Tracheoesophageal fistula due to Candida and Actinomyces co-infection: A case report and comprehensive review of the literature. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 2024;14:296-307.

A Fatal Complication in Intensive Care Units: Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 181 - 187, 23.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.52827/hititmedj.1572393

Öz

Objective: Tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection between the posterior wall of the trachea and the anterior wall of the adjacent esophagus. Its etiology includes trauma related to endotracheal cuff, damage to the posterior wall during tracheostomy procedure, poor health status, respiratory infections, and steroid treatments. This study aims to investigate the demographic characteristics of patients with tracheoesophageal fistula, the timing of tracheostomy, duration of intubation, and the characteristics of microorganisms isolated from these patients.
Material and Method: The study included patients who developed tracheoesophageal fistula while receiving mechanical ventilation through orotracheal intubation or tracheostomy in the intensive care unit. Data collected included age, sex, reason for intensive care unit admission, day of tracheoesophageal fistula occurrence, tracheostomy status, mortality, medication usage, and microorganisms isolated from tracheal aspirate cultures.
Results: Thirty patients were included. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation before tracheoesophageal fistula development was 41.3 days, with 27 patients (90%) having tracheostomies. The average day of tracheostomy application was 21.7 days. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 68.5 days, and the average intensive care unit stay was 71.2 days. Of 65 deep tracheal aspirate cultures samples, 24 patients (80%) exhibited growth, predominantly Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.1%). Mortality occurred in 86.7% of patients, while 13.3% were discharged in healty.
Conclusion: In conclusion, tracheoesophageal fistula, which can be observed in intensive care units, is a highly mortal complication. The majority of these patients exhibited prolonged mechanical ventilation, microorganism growth in tracheal aspirate cultures, steroid use, hypoalbuminemia, use of neuromuscular agents, and high SAPS III and APACHE II scores.

Kaynakça

  • Diddee R, Shaw IH. Acquired tracheo-oesophageal fistula in adults. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia. Crit Care Pain 2006;6:105-108.
  • Payne DK, Anderson WM, Romero MD, Wissing DR, Fowler M. Tracheoesophageal fistula formation intubated Patients. Chest 1990;98:161-164.
  • Sanwal MK, Ganjoo P, Tandon MS. Posttracheostomy tracheoesophageal fistula. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2012;28:140-141.
  • Mattioli F, Marchioni A, Andreani A, Cappiello G, Fermi M, Presutti L. Post-intubation tracheal stenosis in COVID-19 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021;278:847-848.
  • Marzelle J, Dartevelle P, Khalife J, Rojas-Miranda A, Chapelier A, Levasseur P. Surgical management of acquired post-intubation tracheo-oesophageal fistulas: 27 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1989;3:499-502; discussion 502-503.
  • Kucuk C, Arda K, Ata N, Turkkani MH, Yildiz OO. Tracheomegaly and tracheosephagial fistula following mechanical ventilation: A case report and review of the literature. Respir Med Case Rep 2016;17:86-89.
  • Kaur D, Anand S, Sharma P, Kumar A. Early presentation of postintubation tracheoesophageal fistula: Perioperative anesthetic management. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2012;28:114-116.
  • Paraschiv M. Tracheoesophageal fistula - a complication of prolonged tracheal intubation. J Med Life 2014;7:516-521.
  • Couraud L, Ballester MJ, Delaisement C. Acquired tracheoesophageal fistula and its management. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;8:392-399.
  • Macchiarini P, Verhoye JP, Chapelier A, Fadel E, Dartevelle P. Evaluation and outcome of different surgical techniques for post intubation tracheoesophageal fistulas. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:268-276.
  • Reed MF, Mathisen DJ. Tracheoesophageal fistula. Chest Surg Clin N Am 2003;13:271-289.
  • Plummer AL, Gracey DR. Consensus conference on artificial airways in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest 1989;96:178-180.
  • Veenith T, Ganeshamoorthy S, Standley T, Carter J, Young P. Intensive care unit tracheostomy: a snapshot of UK practice. Int Arch Med 2008;1:21.
  • Vargas M, Sutherasan Y, Antonelli M et al. Tracheostomy procedures in the intensive care unit: an international survey. Crit Care 2015;19:291.
  • Kocayigit H, Suner KO, Peksen O, Kızılısık H, Tomak Y. Retrospective Analysis of Patirnt with Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy in Intensive Care Unit. J Contemp Med 2022;12:189-191.
  • Ke M, Wu X, Zeng J. The treatment strategy for tracheoesophageal fistula. J Thorac Dis 2015;7:389-397.
  • Wang Q, Duan Z, Liu S, Shi R. Efficacy and risk factors of stent placement in the treatment of malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Front Oncol 2024;14:1421020.
  • Mathisen DJ, Grillo HC, Wain JC, Hilgenberg AD. Management of acquired nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;52:759-765.
  • Foroulis CN, Nana C, Kleontas A et al. Repair of postintubation tracheoesophageal fistulae through the left presternocleidomastoid approach: a recent case series of 13 patients. J Thorac Dis 2015;7(Suppl 1):S20-26.
  • Kim HS, Khemasuwan D, Diaz-Mendoza J, Mehta AC. Management of tracheo-oesophageal fistula in adults. Eur Respir Rev 2020;29:200094.
  • Zhou C, Hu Y, Xiao Y, Yin W. Current treatment of tracheoesophageal fistula. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2017;11:173-180.
  • Vedhapoodi AG, Ankle NR, Nagmoti J. Microbial Pattern of Tracheal Aspirate in Tracheostomized Patients in a Tertiary Care Center and Its Clinical Implications. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2021;13:87-94.
  • Lepainteur M, Ogna A, Clair B et al. Risk factors for respiratory tract bacterial colonization in adults with neuromuscular or neurological disorders and chronic tracheostomy. Respir Med 2019;152:32-36.
  • Ścibik Ł, Ochońska D, Gołda-Cępa M, Brzychczy-Włoch M, Kotarba A. Microbiological analysis of tracheostomy tube biofilms and antibiotic resistance profiles of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Otolaryngol Pol 2022;76:1-13.
  • Teshon A, Reyes R, Schammel DP et al. Tracheoesophageal fistula due to Candida and Actinomyces co-infection: A case report and comprehensive review of the literature. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 2024;14:296-307.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Anesteziyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Fatih Şahin 0000-0002-8501-0675

Havva Kocayigit 0000-0002-8719-7031

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Şahin F, Kocayigit H. A Fatal Complication in Intensive Care Units: Tracheoesophageal Fistula. Hitit Medical Journal. Haziran 2025;7(2):181-187. doi:10.52827/hititmedj.1572393