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Determining Attitudes Towards Conspiracy Theories Related to Earthquake: A Scale Development Study

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 502 - 516
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1424897

Öz

The aim of this study is to develop a psychometric measurement tool that evaluates society's attitude towards conspiracy theories about the earthquake. For this purpose, 369 people who were indirectly or directly affected by the earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş on 06.02.2023 were included in the scope of the study. Data were collected from the participants through a data collection tool that included a scale consisting of a total of 20 items and a survey for demographic information. When the participants were considered in terms of demographic data, it was determined that 245 of the 369 participants were female (66.4%) and 124 were male (33.6%). In terms of age, it was determined that the most participants were between the ages of 18-22 (n: 181, 49.1%). When the participants were examined in terms of education level, it was determined that most participants had an education level of college or below (n: 170, 46.1%). After the data was collected, it was subjected to explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis. Explanatory factor analysis was conducted with IBM SPSS, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with IBM AMOS package program. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, 2 factors containing 20 statements were found. The factors were named "artificial method" and "international forces" in a way that best explains the statements collected under them. The artificial method factor consists of 5 expressions and the international forces factor consists of 15 expressions. The explained variance ratio of the scale developed within the scope of the study is 70.736 (70.736%). In addition, a statistically significant result was obtained since the result of the Bartlett test was determined as p < 0.05. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to the data to confirm the structure obtained as a result of exploratory factor analysis. When the model fit indices (CMIN/df (χ2/sd): 3.17, NFI: 0.915, IFI:0.935, CFI: 0.935, TLI:0.927, AGFI: 0.921, SRMR: 0.0454) of the model obtained as a result of the analysis were examined, it was found to be a perfect fit. In addition, the sub-factors (artificial method and international powers) provide model fit in terms of AVE (Artificial method AVE value: 0.53, international powers AVE value: 0.70) and CR (Artificial method CR value: 0.71, international powers CR value: 0.95) values. This shows that the scale developed by exploratory factor analysis was also confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach α coefficient of the developed scale (for 20 statements) was calculated as 0.970 (artificial method: 0.816, international powers: 0.974) and it was concluded that it was highly reliable. As a result, it was decided that the developed scale could be used to determine conspiracy theory attitudes towards the earthquake. It is predicted that there is a high probability of believing in earthquake conspiracy theories due to the possibility of triggering an earthquake. In this study, a scale was developed for thoughts that bring this possibility to the fore. The fact that no earthquake conspiracy scale has been found in the literature reveals the originality of the developed scale.

Kaynakça

  • Barkun, M. (2015). Conspiracy theories as stigmatized knowledge. Diogenes, 62(3-4), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0392192116669288
  • Bierwiaczonek, K., Kunst, J. R., & Pich, O. (2020). Belief in COVID‐19 conspiracy theories reduces social distancing over time. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 12(4), 1270-1285. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12223
  • Brotherton, R., French, C. C., & Pickering, A. D. (2013). Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279
  • Buturoiu, R., Udrea, G., Oprea, D. A., & Corbu, N. (2021). Who Believes in Conspiracy Theories about the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romania? An Analysis of Conspiracy Theories Believers’ Profiles. Societies, 11(4), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11040138
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005). Anket geliştirme süreci. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 1-19
  • Cinelli, M., Etta, G., Avalle, M., Quattrociocchi, A., Di Marco, N., Valensise, C., ... & Quattrociocchi, W. (2022). Conspiracy theories and social media platforms. Current Opinion in Psychology, 101407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101407
  • Değer, K. (2022) Koronavirüs Pandemi Döneminde Aşı Karşıtlığı Sosyal Medya ve Komplo Teorileri. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2022(58), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1070190
  • Douglas, K. M. (2021a). Are conspiracy theories harmless?. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24, e13. https://doi.org/10.17/SJP.2021.10
  • Douglas, K. M. (2021b). COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 270-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/136843022098206
  • Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2015). Climate change: Why the conspiracy theories are dangerous. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 71(2), 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/009634021557190
  • Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2023). What are conspiracy theories? A definitional approach to their correlates, consequences, and communication. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 271-298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psysch-032420-031329
  • Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., & Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 538-542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417718261
  • Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories. Political psychology, 40, 3-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12568
  • Egorova, M. S., Parshikova, O. V., Chertkova, Y. D., Staroverov, V. M., & Mitina, O. V. (2020). COVID-19: belief in conspiracy theories and the need for quarantine. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 13(4), 2-25.
  • Ejaz, W., Ittefaq, M., Seo, H., & Naz, F. (2021). Factors associated with the belief in COVID-19 related conspiracy theories in Pakistan. Health, Risk & Society, 23(3-4), 162-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2021.1929865
  • Enders, A. M., Uscinski, J. E., Seelig, M. I., Klofstad, C. A., Wuchty, S., Funchion, J. R., ... & Stoler, J. (2021). The relationship between social media use and beliefs in conspiracy theories and misinformation. Political behavior, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09734-6
  • Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political psychology, 731-742. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791630
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Karagöz, Y., Yalman, F., & Karaşin, Y. (2022). Covid-19’a Yönelik Komplo Teorilerinin Aşı Tereddüdüne Etkisi: Aşı Tutumunun Aracı Rolü. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 19-31. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cagsbd/issue/74597/1179891
  • Kaya, S. (2022). Post-Truth Çağında Covıd-19 Aşısı Üzerinden Sosyal Medyadaki Kamusal Komplo Teorisi Üretiminin İncelenmesi. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences/Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32(1),279-290. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.995633
  • Luo, X., & Jia, H. (2021). When scientific literacy meets nationalism: Exploring the underlying factors in the Chinese public’s belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Chinese Journal of Communication, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2021.1954963
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol.1). lippincott williams & wilkins
  • Papoli-Yazdi, L. (2022). Stone rain: the strange case of nuclear folklore in Iran’s post-1979 revolution major earthquakes. Time and Mind, 15(1), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2022.2060757
  • Pummerer, L., Böhm, R., Lilleholt, L., Winter, K., Zettler, I., & Sassenberg, K. (2022). Conspiracy theories and their societal effects during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211000217
  • Räikkä, J. (2009). On political conspiracy theories. Journal of Political Philosophy, 17(2), 185-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2007.00300.x
  • Schumacher, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginners guide to structural equation modeling: SEM. NewJersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
  • Serani, D. (2022). The Covid pandemic enters the ballot box: The impact of conspiracy theories on Italians' voting behaviour during the COVID-19 crisis. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 1-18. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/ipo.2021.56
  • Stoica, C. A., & Umbreș, R. (2021). Suspicious minds in times of crisis: determinants of Romanians’ beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories. European Societies, 23(sup1), S246-S261. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1823450
  • Sunstein, C. R., & Vermeule, A. (2008). Conspiracy theories
  • Swami, V. (2012). Social psychological origins of conspiracy theories: The case of the Jewish conspiracy theory in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 280. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280
  • Uscinski, J. E. (2018). The study of conspiracy theories. Argumenta, 3(2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.23811/53.arg2017.usc
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon
  • Van Prooijen, J. W., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations. Memory studies, 10(3), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017701615
  • Van Prooijen, J. W., & Jostmann, N. B. (2013). Belief in conspiracy theories: the influence of uncertainty and perceived morality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(1), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1922
  • Van Prooijen, J. W., Spadaro, G., & Wang, H. (2022). Suspicion of institutions: How distrust and conspiracy theories deteriorate social relationships. Current opinion in psychology, 43, 65-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.013
  • Wang, J., & Kim, S. (2021). The paradox of conspiracy theory: The positive impact of beliefs in conspiracy theories on preventive actions and vaccination intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 11825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211825

Depreme İlişkin Komplo Teorilerine Yönelik Tutumların Belirlenmesi: Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 502 - 516
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1424897

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, depreme yönelik geliştirilen komplo teorileri ile ilgili toplumun tutumunu değerlendiren bir psikometrik ölçüm aracı geliştirmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 06.02.2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremlerden, dolaylı veya doğrudan etkilenen 369 kişi çalışma kapsamına dâhil edilmiştir. Katılımcılardan toplam 20 maddeden oluşan bir ölçek ve demografik bilgilere yönelik anketi içeren bir veri toplama aracı yoluyla veriler toplanmıştır. Katılımcılar demografik veriler açısından ele alındığında 369 katılımcının 245’inin kadın (%66.4), 124’ünün erkek (33.6) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yaş açısından en çok katılımcının 18-22 yaş (n:181, %49.1) aralığında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcılar eğitim seviyesi açısından incelendiğinde ise en çok katılımcının Yüksekokul ve altındaki (n:170, %46,1) bir eğitim seviyesine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Veriler toplandıktan sonra açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizine tabii tutulmuştur. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi IBM SPSS, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ise IBM AMOS paket programıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda 20 ifadeyi içeren 2 faktör bulunmuştur. Faktörlere altında toplanan ifadeleri en iyi açıklayacak şekilde “yapay yöntem” ve “uluslararası güçler” isimleri verilmiştir. Yapay yöntem faktörü 5, uluslararası güçler faktörü ise 15 ifadeden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen ölçeğin açıklanan varyans oranı 70.736 (%70.736)’dır. Ayrıca Bartlett testinin sonucu p<0,05 olarak tespit edildiği için istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir sonuç elde edilmiştir. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda elde edilen yapının teyit edilmesi için verilere doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda elde edilen modelin model uyum indeksleri (CMIN/df (χ2/sd): 3.17, NFI: 0.915, IFI:0.935, CFI: 0.935, TLI:0.927, AGFI: 0.921, SRMR: 0.0454) incelendiğinde mükemmel derecede uyum sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca alt faktörler (yapay yöntem ve uluslararası güçler) AVE (Yapay yöntem AVE değeri:0.53, uluslararası güçler AVE değeri: 0.70) ve CR (Yapay yöntem CR değeri:0.71, uluslararası güçler CR değeri: 0.95) değerleri açısından da model uyumunu sağlamaktadır. Bu durum, açıklayıcı faktör analizi ile geliştirilen ölçeğin doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile de teyit edildiğini göstermektedir. Geliştirilen ölçeğin (20 ifade için) Cronbach α katsayısı 0.970 olarak (yapay yöntem:0.816, uluslararası güçler: 0.974) hesaplanmış ve yüksek derecede güvenilir olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak geliştirilen ölçeğin, depreme yönelik komplo teorisi tutumunu belirlemek için kullanılabileceğine karar verilmiştir. Depremin tetiklenme ihtimalinden dolayı depreme yönelik komplo teorilerine inanma olasılığının yüksek olduğu öngörülmektedir. Bu çalışmada bu ihtimali öne alan düşüncelere yönelik ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Literatürde depreme yönelik bir komplo ölçeğine rastlanmamış olması, geliştirilen ölçeğin özgünlüğünü ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Barkun, M. (2015). Conspiracy theories as stigmatized knowledge. Diogenes, 62(3-4), 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0392192116669288
  • Bierwiaczonek, K., Kunst, J. R., & Pich, O. (2020). Belief in COVID‐19 conspiracy theories reduces social distancing over time. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 12(4), 1270-1285. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12223
  • Brotherton, R., French, C. C., & Pickering, A. D. (2013). Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279
  • Buturoiu, R., Udrea, G., Oprea, D. A., & Corbu, N. (2021). Who Believes in Conspiracy Theories about the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romania? An Analysis of Conspiracy Theories Believers’ Profiles. Societies, 11(4), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11040138
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005). Anket geliştirme süreci. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 1-19
  • Cinelli, M., Etta, G., Avalle, M., Quattrociocchi, A., Di Marco, N., Valensise, C., ... & Quattrociocchi, W. (2022). Conspiracy theories and social media platforms. Current Opinion in Psychology, 101407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101407
  • Değer, K. (2022) Koronavirüs Pandemi Döneminde Aşı Karşıtlığı Sosyal Medya ve Komplo Teorileri. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2022(58), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1070190
  • Douglas, K. M. (2021a). Are conspiracy theories harmless?. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24, e13. https://doi.org/10.17/SJP.2021.10
  • Douglas, K. M. (2021b). COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 270-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/136843022098206
  • Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2015). Climate change: Why the conspiracy theories are dangerous. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 71(2), 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/009634021557190
  • Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2023). What are conspiracy theories? A definitional approach to their correlates, consequences, and communication. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 271-298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psysch-032420-031329
  • Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., & Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(6), 538-542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417718261
  • Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories. Political psychology, 40, 3-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12568
  • Egorova, M. S., Parshikova, O. V., Chertkova, Y. D., Staroverov, V. M., & Mitina, O. V. (2020). COVID-19: belief in conspiracy theories and the need for quarantine. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 13(4), 2-25.
  • Ejaz, W., Ittefaq, M., Seo, H., & Naz, F. (2021). Factors associated with the belief in COVID-19 related conspiracy theories in Pakistan. Health, Risk & Society, 23(3-4), 162-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2021.1929865
  • Enders, A. M., Uscinski, J. E., Seelig, M. I., Klofstad, C. A., Wuchty, S., Funchion, J. R., ... & Stoler, J. (2021). The relationship between social media use and beliefs in conspiracy theories and misinformation. Political behavior, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09734-6
  • Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political psychology, 731-742. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791630
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Karagöz, Y., Yalman, F., & Karaşin, Y. (2022). Covid-19’a Yönelik Komplo Teorilerinin Aşı Tereddüdüne Etkisi: Aşı Tutumunun Aracı Rolü. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 19-31. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cagsbd/issue/74597/1179891
  • Kaya, S. (2022). Post-Truth Çağında Covıd-19 Aşısı Üzerinden Sosyal Medyadaki Kamusal Komplo Teorisi Üretiminin İncelenmesi. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences/Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32(1),279-290. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.995633
  • Luo, X., & Jia, H. (2021). When scientific literacy meets nationalism: Exploring the underlying factors in the Chinese public’s belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Chinese Journal of Communication, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2021.1954963
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (Vol.1). lippincott williams & wilkins
  • Papoli-Yazdi, L. (2022). Stone rain: the strange case of nuclear folklore in Iran’s post-1979 revolution major earthquakes. Time and Mind, 15(1), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/1751696X.2022.2060757
  • Pummerer, L., Böhm, R., Lilleholt, L., Winter, K., Zettler, I., & Sassenberg, K. (2022). Conspiracy theories and their societal effects during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211000217
  • Räikkä, J. (2009). On political conspiracy theories. Journal of Political Philosophy, 17(2), 185-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2007.00300.x
  • Schumacher, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginners guide to structural equation modeling: SEM. NewJersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
  • Serani, D. (2022). The Covid pandemic enters the ballot box: The impact of conspiracy theories on Italians' voting behaviour during the COVID-19 crisis. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 1-18. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/ipo.2021.56
  • Stoica, C. A., & Umbreș, R. (2021). Suspicious minds in times of crisis: determinants of Romanians’ beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories. European Societies, 23(sup1), S246-S261. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1823450
  • Sunstein, C. R., & Vermeule, A. (2008). Conspiracy theories
  • Swami, V. (2012). Social psychological origins of conspiracy theories: The case of the Jewish conspiracy theory in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 280. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280
  • Uscinski, J. E. (2018). The study of conspiracy theories. Argumenta, 3(2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.23811/53.arg2017.usc
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon
  • Van Prooijen, J. W., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations. Memory studies, 10(3), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017701615
  • Van Prooijen, J. W., & Jostmann, N. B. (2013). Belief in conspiracy theories: the influence of uncertainty and perceived morality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(1), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1922
  • Van Prooijen, J. W., Spadaro, G., & Wang, H. (2022). Suspicion of institutions: How distrust and conspiracy theories deteriorate social relationships. Current opinion in psychology, 43, 65-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.013
  • Wang, J., & Kim, S. (2021). The paradox of conspiracy theory: The positive impact of beliefs in conspiracy theories on preventive actions and vaccination intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 11825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211825
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yalçın Karagöz 0000-0001-5642-6498

Yusuf Karaşin 0000-0002-4594-9290

Mustafa Filiz 0000-0002-7445-5361

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Aralık 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 14 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Karagöz, Y., Karaşin, Y., & Filiz, M. (2024). Depreme İlişkin Komplo Teorilerine Yönelik Tutumların Belirlenmesi: Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması. Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(3), 502-516. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsbd.1424897
                                                     Hitit Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.