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TURKEY'S ARABİAN MİDDLE EAST POLİCY AND SYRİAN CİVİL WAR

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 927 - 944, 17.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.319677

Öz

Ortadoğu, 19 Mayıs 1916’da
Büyük Britanya ve Fransa tarından hazırlanan Sykes Picot Anlaşması ile bölünen
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu üzerinden yeniden şekillenmiştir. Araplar,
imparatorluktan sonra mutlak özgürlüğü beklerken, tarih ne yazık ki bu
beklentinin yalnızca Bin Bir Gece Masallarında yer almış bir öykü olduğunu
göstermiştir. Bu anlaşma bir bölgeyi silmiş; bunu diğer bir başkasının yerine
koymuş ve bu süreçten itibaren Ortadoğu, Arap Baharı olarak adlandırılan döneme
kadar totaliter rejimlerce yönetilmiştir. Arap Baharı ayaklanmaları bölgedeki
çoğu totaliter rejimi ve kurumları derinden sarsmıştır. Zira toplamda 18 ülke
bu ayaklanmalardan etkilenmiştir; Cezayir, Bahreyn, Mısır, İran, İsrail ve
Filistin Bölgeleri, Ürdün, Kuveyt, Lübnan, Libya, Fas, Umman, Katar, Suudi
Arabistan, Suriye, Tunus, Türkiye, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ve Yemen. Bahreyn,
Mısır, Suriye, Libya, Tunus ve Yemen gibi ülkeler bu ayaklanmalardan ağır bir
şekilde etkilenirken, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ve İran gibi ülkeler daha az
hasar ile bu süreci atlatmışlardır. Yine de Arap Baharı kitlesel dönüşüm
anlamında, Sykes Picot’dan sonra Arap coğrafyasında meydana gelen en büyük
ikinci olaydır. Sykes Picot’un aksine Arap Baharı dış müdahaleden bulunulmadan
halk tabanlı başlatılmıştır. Daha önceden de belirtildiği gibi Sykes Picot,
Arap bağımsızlığının aksine atılan bir adımdır; benzer şekilde, Arap Baharı’nın
hali hazır sonuçları göz önüne alındığında; ne Mısır’da Muhammed Mursi ve
Müslüman Kardeşlere karşı yapılan anti demokratik hareketler, ne de Suriye’deki
mevcut iç savaş Arap Baharının geleceği için olumlu gelişmeler olarak
durmamaktadır. Bu makale, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devletinin kurulmasından itibaren
bölge ve Arap devletleri ile oluşturduğu algıyı ve gelişmeleri açıklamaktadır.
Bu noktada, Atatürk döneminden Arap Baharı dönemine kadar meydana gelen önemli
gelişmeler incelenecektir. Arap Ortadoğu’su ve Türkiye arasındaki ilişkilerin
tarihsel arka planı verildikten sonra makalede, Arap Baharından ağır bir
şekilde etkilenen devletlere değinilerek, Türkiye’nin Suriye’ye yönelik insani
diplomasisi açıklanacaktır.




Kaynakça

  • “AFTER THE ARAB SPRING”, Al Jazeera World, accessed 1 February 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2016/02/arabspring-160217062821595.html .
  • “BALFOUR DECLARATION”, accessed 12 January 2017, http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf
  • “MIDDLE EAST UNREST: Three killed at protest in Syria”, BBC News, accessed 30 January 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12791738 “SYRIAN PROTESTERS PLAN ‘day of rage’”, Independent, accessed 30 January 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syrian-protestersplan- day-of-rage-2201115.html
  • ANTHONY Shadid, “In Syria, Reports of Arrests Proliferate”, New York Times, accessed 30 january 2017, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/middleeast/03syria.html?_r=2
  • AVI Shlaim, “Israel between East and West, 1948-56”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 36, No. 4 Nov., 2004, 657-673.
  • BAYRAM Sinkaya, Introduction to Middle East Politics: Leading Factors, Actors and Dynamics, (Ankara: 2016, ORSAM), 2-4.
  • ÇAĞRI Erhan - Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. Baskın Oran, Vol. I, 14th Edition, (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2009), 635-641.
  • EDWARD Peter Fitzgerald, “France's Middle Eastern Ambitions, the Sykes-Picot Negotiations, and the Oil Fields of Mosul, 1915-1918”, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 4, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 697-725.
  • EFRAIM Inbar, “Regional Implications of the Israeli-Turkish Strategic Partnership”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, (London: Frank Cass, 2002), 21-43.
  • ERMAN Akıllı – Federico Donelli, “Reinvention of Turkish Foreign Policy in Latin America: The Cuba Case”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 18, No. 2, (Ankara: SETA, 2016), 161-181.
  • ERMAN Akıllı (ed.), Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Dış Yardımlar, (Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016).
  • ERMAN Akıllı, Türkiye’de Devlet Kimliği ve Dış Politika, 2nd Edition, (Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016).
  • FATMA Sarıaslan, “2000’li Yillarda Türkiye-İran Ekonomik İlişkileri”, Akademik Ortadoğu, (Ankara: 2012), Vol. 7, No. 2, 65-91.
  • HASAN Ünal; “2000-2008: Dönemin Dış Politika Değerlendirmesi”, Haydar Çakmak (ed.) Türk Dış Politikası: 1919-2008, (Ankara: Barış Platin Yayınları, 2008), 1042-1043.
  • HERNANDO De Soto, “The Real Mohamed Bouazizi”, Foreign Policy, accessed 17 January 2017, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/16/the_real_mohamed_bouazizi
  • HUMANITARIAN RELIEF FOUNDATION, “Humanitarian Diplomacy in Syria”, accessed 1 February 2017, http://www.ihh.org.tr/en/main/pages/suriye-insanidiplomasi/314
  • INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY STUDY: Syrian-Jordan Boundaries, http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf,
  • KEMAL Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”, Brookings, accessed 31 January 2017, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/upfront/posts/2013/06/27-syrian-refugees-in-turkey-kirisci
  • MELEK FIRAT - Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. Baskın Oran, Vol. I, 14th Edition, (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2009), 784-796.
  • MUHITTIN Ataman, “Prof. Dr. Ataman: Arap baharında kitleler, adalet, ekmek ve özgürlük istedi”, Cihan, accessed 30 January 2017, https://www.cihan.com.tr/tr/prof-dr-ataman-arap-baharinda-kitleler-adaletekmek-ve-ozgurluk-istedi-658403.htm
  • NUR Bilge Criss, “The nature of PKK terrorism in Turkey”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol 18, No.1, (London: Routledge, 1995), 17-37.
  • NURULLAH Ardıç, “Understanding the ‘Arab Spring’: Justice, Dignity, Religion and International Politics”, Afro Eurasian Studies, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (Istanbul: MUSIAD, 2012), 8-52.
  • ÖMER Kürkçüoğlu, “An Analysis of Atatürk's Foreign Policy: 1919 – 1938”, Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, Vol. 20, (Ankara: 1982), 133-187.
  • PRIMOZ MANFREDA, “Arab Spring” Impact on the Middle East: How Did the Uprisings of 2011 Change the Region?”, About News, accessed 30 January 2017, http://middleeast.about.com/od/humanrightsdemocracy/tp/Arab-Spring-Impact-On-The-Middle-East.htm
  • REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF INTERIOR DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF MIGRATION MANAGEMENT, Temporary Protection in Turkey, accessed 1 February 2017, http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/temporary-protection-inturkey_ 917_1064_4768_icerik
  • REPUBLIC OF TURKISH STATE, Temporary Protection Regulation, accessed 1 February 2017, http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/_dokuman28.pdf
  • THE ARABIAN NIGHTS: Tales from A Thousand And One Nights, Richard Francis Burton (Translator), A.S. Byatt, (New York: Modern Library, 2004).
  • THE GUARDIAN, “How Mohamed Morsi, Egypt’s first elected president, ended up on death row”, accessed 5 January 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/01/mohamed-morsiexecution-death-sentence-egypt
  • THE NATIONAL, “The “Arab Spring” Country by Country”, accessed 5 January 2017, http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/the-arab-spring-country-bycountry#page3
  • TÜREL Yılmaz; “Doğu Ülkeleri ile İlişkiler”, Haydar Çakmak (ed.) Türk Dış Politikası: 1919-2008, (Ankara: Barış Platin Yayınları, 2008), 128.
  • UMUT Uzer, Identity and Turkish Foreign Policy: The Kemalist Influence in Cyprus and the Caucasus, (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011).
  • United Nations Refugee Agency, “2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Turkey”, accessed 30 January 2017, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48e0fa7f.html
  • YAŞAR DEMIR – Kenan Şen, “Doğuş Dönemi Itibariyle Türk-Arap Milliyetçiliği: Işbirliğinden Çatışmaya”, Akademik Ortadoğu, Vol. 5, No. 2, (Ankara: 2011),109-126.

Turkey’s Arabian Middle East Policy and Syrian Civil War

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 927 - 944, 17.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.319677

Öz

The
Middle East was remolded when the Ottoman Empire was divided through the Sykes
Picot Agreement, prepared by Great Britain and France on 19 May, 1916. While
the Arabs had expected to gain absolute freedom and from the empire, history
unfortunately has shown that this was merely a tale well suited to the Arabian
Nights. That agreement erased one region, replacing it with another; and the
Middle East has primarily been ruled since then under totalitarian regimes, at
least until the so-called Arab Spring. The Arab Spring uprisings shook most of
the region’s totalitarian regimes to their foundations, with very few left untouched.
A total of 18 countries were eventually affected: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt,
Iran, Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,
Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab
Emirates (UAE) and Yemen. While some, like Bahrain, Egypt, Syria, Libya,
Tunisia and Yemen were heavily shaken; some are emerged with little damage,
like the UAE and Iran. Nevertheless, surely the Arab Spring is the second
biggest event in the Arabian geography since the Sykes Picot agreement. In
contrast to Sykes Picot, the Arab Spring was started by the people not by
foreign intervention. As mentioned before, Sykes Picot was a backwards step for
Arab independence; similarly, neither the current anti-democratic events against
Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, nor Syria’s current civil
war situation are very promising for the future of the Arab Spring. 



This
paper explains developments in Turkey’s perceptions of the region and Arabic
states since the foundation of the Turkish Republic. To do this, it reviews key
events from the Atatürk Era to the Arab Spring. After outlining the historical
background of relations between Turkey and the Arabian Middle East, the article
discusses the Arab Spring in relation to the heavily affected states. Finally,
through this review, Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy towards Syria will be
examined.

Kaynakça

  • “AFTER THE ARAB SPRING”, Al Jazeera World, accessed 1 February 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2016/02/arabspring-160217062821595.html .
  • “BALFOUR DECLARATION”, accessed 12 January 2017, http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf
  • “MIDDLE EAST UNREST: Three killed at protest in Syria”, BBC News, accessed 30 January 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12791738 “SYRIAN PROTESTERS PLAN ‘day of rage’”, Independent, accessed 30 January 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syrian-protestersplan- day-of-rage-2201115.html
  • ANTHONY Shadid, “In Syria, Reports of Arrests Proliferate”, New York Times, accessed 30 january 2017, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/middleeast/03syria.html?_r=2
  • AVI Shlaim, “Israel between East and West, 1948-56”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 36, No. 4 Nov., 2004, 657-673.
  • BAYRAM Sinkaya, Introduction to Middle East Politics: Leading Factors, Actors and Dynamics, (Ankara: 2016, ORSAM), 2-4.
  • ÇAĞRI Erhan - Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. Baskın Oran, Vol. I, 14th Edition, (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2009), 635-641.
  • EDWARD Peter Fitzgerald, “France's Middle Eastern Ambitions, the Sykes-Picot Negotiations, and the Oil Fields of Mosul, 1915-1918”, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 4, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 697-725.
  • EFRAIM Inbar, “Regional Implications of the Israeli-Turkish Strategic Partnership”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, (London: Frank Cass, 2002), 21-43.
  • ERMAN Akıllı – Federico Donelli, “Reinvention of Turkish Foreign Policy in Latin America: The Cuba Case”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 18, No. 2, (Ankara: SETA, 2016), 161-181.
  • ERMAN Akıllı (ed.), Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Dış Yardımlar, (Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016).
  • ERMAN Akıllı, Türkiye’de Devlet Kimliği ve Dış Politika, 2nd Edition, (Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016).
  • FATMA Sarıaslan, “2000’li Yillarda Türkiye-İran Ekonomik İlişkileri”, Akademik Ortadoğu, (Ankara: 2012), Vol. 7, No. 2, 65-91.
  • HASAN Ünal; “2000-2008: Dönemin Dış Politika Değerlendirmesi”, Haydar Çakmak (ed.) Türk Dış Politikası: 1919-2008, (Ankara: Barış Platin Yayınları, 2008), 1042-1043.
  • HERNANDO De Soto, “The Real Mohamed Bouazizi”, Foreign Policy, accessed 17 January 2017, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/16/the_real_mohamed_bouazizi
  • HUMANITARIAN RELIEF FOUNDATION, “Humanitarian Diplomacy in Syria”, accessed 1 February 2017, http://www.ihh.org.tr/en/main/pages/suriye-insanidiplomasi/314
  • INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY STUDY: Syrian-Jordan Boundaries, http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf,
  • KEMAL Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”, Brookings, accessed 31 January 2017, http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/upfront/posts/2013/06/27-syrian-refugees-in-turkey-kirisci
  • MELEK FIRAT - Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. Baskın Oran, Vol. I, 14th Edition, (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2009), 784-796.
  • MUHITTIN Ataman, “Prof. Dr. Ataman: Arap baharında kitleler, adalet, ekmek ve özgürlük istedi”, Cihan, accessed 30 January 2017, https://www.cihan.com.tr/tr/prof-dr-ataman-arap-baharinda-kitleler-adaletekmek-ve-ozgurluk-istedi-658403.htm
  • NUR Bilge Criss, “The nature of PKK terrorism in Turkey”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol 18, No.1, (London: Routledge, 1995), 17-37.
  • NURULLAH Ardıç, “Understanding the ‘Arab Spring’: Justice, Dignity, Religion and International Politics”, Afro Eurasian Studies, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (Istanbul: MUSIAD, 2012), 8-52.
  • ÖMER Kürkçüoğlu, “An Analysis of Atatürk's Foreign Policy: 1919 – 1938”, Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, Vol. 20, (Ankara: 1982), 133-187.
  • PRIMOZ MANFREDA, “Arab Spring” Impact on the Middle East: How Did the Uprisings of 2011 Change the Region?”, About News, accessed 30 January 2017, http://middleeast.about.com/od/humanrightsdemocracy/tp/Arab-Spring-Impact-On-The-Middle-East.htm
  • REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF INTERIOR DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF MIGRATION MANAGEMENT, Temporary Protection in Turkey, accessed 1 February 2017, http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/temporary-protection-inturkey_ 917_1064_4768_icerik
  • REPUBLIC OF TURKISH STATE, Temporary Protection Regulation, accessed 1 February 2017, http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/_dokuman28.pdf
  • THE ARABIAN NIGHTS: Tales from A Thousand And One Nights, Richard Francis Burton (Translator), A.S. Byatt, (New York: Modern Library, 2004).
  • THE GUARDIAN, “How Mohamed Morsi, Egypt’s first elected president, ended up on death row”, accessed 5 January 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/01/mohamed-morsiexecution-death-sentence-egypt
  • THE NATIONAL, “The “Arab Spring” Country by Country”, accessed 5 January 2017, http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/the-arab-spring-country-bycountry#page3
  • TÜREL Yılmaz; “Doğu Ülkeleri ile İlişkiler”, Haydar Çakmak (ed.) Türk Dış Politikası: 1919-2008, (Ankara: Barış Platin Yayınları, 2008), 128.
  • UMUT Uzer, Identity and Turkish Foreign Policy: The Kemalist Influence in Cyprus and the Caucasus, (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011).
  • United Nations Refugee Agency, “2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Turkey”, accessed 30 January 2017, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48e0fa7f.html
  • YAŞAR DEMIR – Kenan Şen, “Doğuş Dönemi Itibariyle Türk-Arap Milliyetçiliği: Işbirliğinden Çatışmaya”, Akademik Ortadoğu, Vol. 5, No. 2, (Ankara: 2011),109-126.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Erman Akıllı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akıllı, E. (2017). TURKEY’S ARABİAN MİDDLE EAST POLİCY AND SYRİAN CİVİL WAR. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 927-944. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.319677
AMA Akıllı E. TURKEY’S ARABİAN MİDDLE EAST POLİCY AND SYRİAN CİVİL WAR. hititsosbil. Aralık 2017;10(2):927-944. doi:10.17218/hititsosbil.319677
Chicago Akıllı, Erman. “TURKEY’S ARABİAN MİDDLE EAST POLİCY AND SYRİAN CİVİL WAR”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 10, sy. 2 (Aralık 2017): 927-44. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.319677.
EndNote Akıllı E (01 Aralık 2017) TURKEY’S ARABİAN MİDDLE EAST POLİCY AND SYRİAN CİVİL WAR. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 10 2 927–944.
IEEE E. Akıllı, “TURKEY’S ARABİAN MİDDLE EAST POLİCY AND SYRİAN CİVİL WAR”, hititsosbil, c. 10, sy. 2, ss. 927–944, 2017, doi: 10.17218/hititsosbil.319677.
ISNAD Akıllı, Erman. “TURKEY’S ARABİAN MİDDLE EAST POLİCY AND SYRİAN CİVİL WAR”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 10/2 (Aralık 2017), 927-944. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.319677.
JAMA Akıllı E. TURKEY’S ARABİAN MİDDLE EAST POLİCY AND SYRİAN CİVİL WAR. hititsosbil. 2017;10:927–944.
MLA Akıllı, Erman. “TURKEY’S ARABİAN MİDDLE EAST POLİCY AND SYRİAN CİVİL WAR”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 2, 2017, ss. 927-44, doi:10.17218/hititsosbil.319677.
Vancouver Akıllı E. TURKEY’S ARABİAN MİDDLE EAST POLİCY AND SYRİAN CİVİL WAR. hititsosbil. 2017;10(2):927-44.