ARKEOLOJİK TOPLUMLARDA SÜTTEN KESME SÜRECİNİN KEMİK KOLAJENİNDEN ELDE EDİLEN SABİT KARBON VE AZOT İZOTOPLARI İLE İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 1137 - 1154, 30.10.2018

Kameray Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.460262

Öz

Eski insan topluluklarında
anne sütüyle beslenme ve sütten kesme süreci ve davranışı, arkeolojik kazılarda ele geçen bireylere ait kemik ve dişler üzerinde yürütülen biyomoleküler çalışmalarla
araştırılabilir. Söz konusu araştırmalar
ağırlıklı olarak diyetin göstergesi sayılan sabit izotop oranlarının
analizini içerir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda ağırlıklı olarak azot izotopları kullanılmakla birlikte, geçmiş beslenmenin yeniden yapılandırılması üzerine yürütülen araştırmalar oksijen, hidrojen gibi diğer
kimyasal elementlerin izotoplarının da sütten kesme sürecinin aydınlatılmasında
kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Diğer taraftan, yapılan araştırmaların sonuçları sadece kemik çalışılarak
ulaşılan bilgilerdense, diş ve kemikten elde edilen verilerinin karşılaştırılmasıyla sütten kesme sürecinin daha yüksek bir hassasiyetle çalışılabileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışma ile geçmiş insan topluluklarında kemik kolajeninden analiz edilen azot ve karbonun
sabit izotoplarının sütten kesme sürecinin belirlenmesi çalışmalarına katkıları ve Anadolu’daki uygulamaları hakkında genel bir bilgi
vermek amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

δ13C, δ15N, kesir faktörü, paleodiyet

Kaynakça

• Bentley, G. R., Goldberg, T., & Jasieńska, G. Z. Y. (1993). The fertility of agricultural and non-agricultural traditional societies. Population Studies, 47(2), 269-281.Budd, C., Lillie, M., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., Karul, N., & Pinhasi, R. (2013). Stable isotope analysis of Neolithic and Chalcolithic populations from Aktopraklık, northern Anatolia. Journal of archaeological science, 40(2), 860-867.Büyükkarakaya, A. M. (2017a). Tasmasor ve İkiztepe arkeolojik topluluklarında mine hipoplazilerinin incelenmesi. DTCF Dergisi, 52(2). Büyükkarakaya, A.M., Akyol, A.A & Özdemir, K. (2017b). Investigation of weaning process in the neolithic period Tepecik-Çiftlik population. Hitit University Journal of Social Sciences Institute,10, 169-196. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.306223Bogin, B. (1999). Patterns of human growth (Vol. 23). Cambridge University Press.Bogin, B. (1997). Evolutionary hypotheses for human childhood. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 104(S25), 63-89.Cunningham, A. S. (1995). Breastfeeding: Adaptive behavior for child health and longevity (chap. 9). Stuart-Macadam P. Dettwyler K. Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 405-18.Dupras, T. L., Schwarcz, H. P., & Fairgrieve, S. I. (2001). Infant feeding and weaning practices in Roman Egypt. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 115(3), 204-212.Dupras, T. L., & Tocheri, M. W. (2007). Reconstructing infant weaning histories at Roman period Kellis, Egypt using stable isotope analysis of dentition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 134(1), 63-74.Erdal, Y. S. (2000). Eski Anadolu toplumlarında çocuk sağlığı ve hastalıkları. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 43(1), 5-19.Fogel, M. L., Tuross, N., & Owsley, D. W. (1989). Nitrogen isotope tracers of human lactation in modern and archaeological populations. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook, 88, 111-117.Fogel, M. L., Tuross, N., & Owsley, D. W. (1989). Nitrogen isotope tracers of human lactation in modern and archaeological populations. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook, 88, 111-117.Fogel, M. L., Tuross, N., Johnson, B. J., & Miller, G. H. (1997). Biogeochemical record of ancient humans. Organic Geochemistry, 27(5-6), 275-287.Filteau, S. M. (2000). Role of breast-feeding in managing malnutrition and infectious disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 59(4), 565-572.Fuller, B. T., Fuller, J. L., Harris, D. A., & Hedges, R. E. (2006). Detection of breastfeeding and weaning in modern human infants with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 129(2), 279-293.Goodman, A. H., & Rose, J. C. (1990). Assessment of systemic physiological perturbations from dental enamel hypoplasias and associated histological structures. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 33(S11), 59-110.Hahn‐Zoric, M., Fulconis, F., Minoli, I., Moro, G., Carlsson, B., Böttiger, M., ... & Hanson, L. Å. (1990). Antibody responses to parenteral and oral vaccines are impaired by conventional and low protein formulas as compared to breast‐feeding. Acta Pædiatrica, 79(12), 1137-1142.Irvine, B. T. (2017). An Isotopic Analysis of Dietary Habits in Early Bronze Age Anatolia (Doctoral dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin).Jay, M. (2009). Breastfeeding and weaning behaviour in archaeological populations: evidence from the isotopic analysis of skeletal materials. Childhood in the Past, 2(1), 163-178.Humphrey, L. T. (2010, June). Weaning behaviour in human evolution. In Seminars in cell & developmental biology (Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 453-461). Academic Press.Katzenberg, M. A., & Pfeiffer, S. (1995). JL4 nitrogen isotope evidence for weaning age in a nineteenth century Canadian skeletal sample. Bodies of evidence: reconstructing history through skeletal analysis, 221.Katzenberg, M. A., Herring, D. A., & Saunders, S. R. (1996). Weaning and infant mortality: evaluating the skeletal evidence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 101(S23), 177-199.Katzenberg, M.A. (2000). Stable isotope analysis: a tool for studying past diet, demography, and life history. In: Katzenberg, M.A. & Saunders, S.R. (Eds.), Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, 305-328: New York, Wiley-Liss.Kennedy, K. I., Rivera, R., & McNeilly, A. S. (1989). Consensus statement on the use of breastfeeding as a family planning method. Contraception, 39(5), 477-496.Lee, P. C. (1996). The meanings of weaning: growth, lactation, and life history. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews: Issues, News, and Reviews, 5(3), 87-98.Lewis, M. E. (2007). The bioarchaeology of children: perspectives from biological and forensic anthropology (Vol. 50). Cambridge University Press.Martines, J. C., Habicht, J. P., Ashworth, A., & Kirkwood, B. R. (1994). Weaning in southern Brazil: is there a “weanling's dilemma”? The Journal of nutrition, 124(8), 1189-1198.Mays, S. (2003). Bone strontium: calcium ratios and duration of breastfeeding in a Mediaeval skeletal population. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30(6), 731-741.McDade, T. W., & Worthman, C. M. (1998). The weanling's dilemma reconsidered: a biocultural analysis of breastfeeding ecology. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics.McLaren, D. 1979. Nature’s contraceptive. Wet-nursing and prolonged lactation: the case of Chesham, Buckinghamshire, 1578–1601. Medical History 23, 426–41.Millard, A. R. (2000). A model for the effect of weaning on nitrogen isotope ratios in humans, pp. 51–9 in Goodfriend, G. A., Collins, M., Fogel, M., Macko, S. and Wehmiller, J. F. (eds.), Perspectives in Amino Acid and Protein Geochemistry. Oxford: OxfordMinagawa, M., & Wada, E. (1984). Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains: further evidence and the relation between δ15N and animal age. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 48(5), 1135-1140.Oddy, W. H. (2002). The impact of breastmilk on infant and child health. Breastfeeding Review, 10(3), 5.Özbek, M., & Erdal, Ö. D. (2006). Anadolu’nun bazı Neolitik ve Kalkolitik topluluklarında bebek ölümleri ve olası nedenleri. Türk Arkeoloji ve Etnoğrafya Dergisi, 6, 41-52.Özdemir, K. & Erdal, Y.S. (2009). Erken Tunç Çağı İkiztepe topluluğunda stronsiyum-kalsiyum oranı ile sütten kesme yaşının belirlenmesi. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 52, 128-140.Özdemir, K. (Baskıda). Bizans Dönemi Kovuklukaya Topluluğunun (Boyabat, Sinop) Beslenme Alışkanlıklarının Yeniden Yapılandırılması: Sabit İzotop Oranı Analizlerinin Öncül Sonuçları. Hitit University Journal of Social Sciences Institute.Pabst, H. F., & Spady, D. W. (1990). Effect of breast-feeding on antibody response to conjugate vaccine. The Lancet, 336(8710), 269-270.Pearson, J. A., Hedges, R. E., Molleson, T. I., & Özbek, M. (2010). Exploring the relationship between weaning and infant mortality: an isotope case study from Aşıklı Höyük and Çayönü Tepesi. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 143(3), 448-457.Pickard, C., Schoop, U. D., Dalton, A., Sayle, K. L., Channell, I., Calvey, K., ... & Bonsall, C. (2016). Diet at Late Chalcolithic Çamlıbel Tarlası, north-central Anatolia: an isotopic perspective. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 5, 296-306.Reynard, L. M., & Tuross, N. (2015). The known, the unknown and the unknowable: weaning times from archaeological bones using nitrogen isotope ratios. Journal of Archaeological Science, 53, 618-625.Richards, M. P., Mays, S., & Fuller, B. T. (2002). Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bone and teeth reflect weaning age at the Medieval Wharram Percy site, Yorkshire, UK. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 119(3), 205-210.Richards, M. P., Pearson, J. A., Molleson, T. I., Russell, N., & Martin, L. (2003). Stable isotope evidence of diet at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Journal of archaeological science, 30(1), 67-76.Schurr, M. R. (1997). Stable nitrogen isotopes as evidence for the age of weaning at the Angel site: a comparison of isotopic and demographic measures of weaning age. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24(10), 919-927.Schurr, M. R., & Powell, M. L. (2005). The role of changing childhood diets in the prehistoric evolution of food production: an isotopic assessment. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 126(3), 278-294.Taylor, H. W., Vázquez-Geffroy, M., Samuels, S. J., & Taylor, D. M. (1999). Continuously recorded suckling behaviour and its effect on lactational amenorrhoea. Journal of biosocial science, 31(3), 289-310.Thapa, S., Short, R. V., & Potts, M. (1988). Breast feeding birth spacing and their effects on child survival. Nature, 335(6192), 679-82.Triantaphyllou, S., Richards, M. P., Zerner, C., & Voutsaki, S. (2008). Isotopic dietary reconstruction of humans from Middle Bronze age Lerna, Argolid, Greece. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(11), 3028-3034.Tsutaya, T., & Yoneda, M. (2015). Reconstruction of breastfeeding and weaning practices using stable isotope and trace element analyses: A review. American journal of physical anthropology, 156, 2-21.Turner, B. L., Edwards, J. L., Quinn, E. A., Kingston, J. D., & Van Gerven, D. P. (2007). Age‐related variation in isotopic indicators of diet at medieval Kulubnarti, Sudanese Nubia. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 17(1), 1-25.Uysal, G. (2004). Sütten kesme yaşı ile fizyolojik stres göstergesi “Harris Çizgileri” arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 159-170.Wright, L. E., & Schwarcz, H. P. (1998). Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in human tooth enamel: Identifying breastfeeding and weaning in prehistory. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 106: 1–18. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 106(3), 411-411.Wright, L. E., & Schwarcz, H. P. (1999). Correspondence between stable carbon, oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in human tooth enamel and dentine: infant diets at Kaminaljuyu. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(9), 1159-1170.