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EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ BIG SCALE FLAG CARRIER AIRLINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 310 - 330, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.772897

Öz

Civil Aviation Industry has entered into a great development trend, especially since the 1978 deregulation period. Strategies implemented by airlines are of great importance in this development trend. Although airline partnerships cause airlines to lose their brand values, more successes are achieved under operational and financial criteria. For this reason, airline partnerships have been a strategy used by both large and small scale airlines in European aviation for the last 10 years. When it is examined the 10 biggest airlines of Europe excluding low-cost carriers, it is seen that only Turkish Airlines have not in a partnership. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of partnerships established on the airlines' operational and financial efficiency. While the number of revenue passengers and the total number of landings are operational inputs, the available seat kilometer and revenue passenger kilometer are financial outputs. While the results obtained from these data help to determine how efficient the biggest airlines in Europe are, on the other hand, it expresses how important it is in its different criteria.

Kaynakça

  • Aeroflot Group. (2019). Retrieved from https://ir.aeroflot.com/shareholders-and-investors/
  • Airbus, S. A. S. (2002). Global market forecast 2001-2020. Retrieved from http://www.airbus.com/en/corporate/gmf/
  • Air France - KLM Group. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.airfranceklm.com/sites/default/files/trafic _va_vdef.pdf
  • Alderighi, M., Cento, A., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (2005). Network competition—the coexistence of hub-and-spoke and point-to-point systems. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(5), 328-334.
  • Anderson, E. W., Fornell, C., & Lehmann, D. R. (1994). Customer satisfaction, market share, and profitability: Findings from Sweden. Journal of marketing, 58(3), 53-66.
  • Banker, R. D., Charnes, A. & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092.
  • Barbot, C., Costa, Á., & Sochirca, E. (2008). Airlines performance in the new market context: A comparative productivity and efficiency analysis. Journal of Air Transport Management, 14(5), 270-274.
  • Bissessur, A., & Alamdari, F. (1998). Factors affecting the operational success of strategic airline alliances. Transportation, 25(4), 331-355.
  • Bloomberg Business India's Discount Airlines Get Vistara as Upscale Rival. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-08/indias-discount-airlines-get-vistara-as-upscale-rival
  • Boyer, K. K., Hallowell, R., & Roth, A. V. (2002). E‐services: operating strategy—a case study and a method for analyzing operational benefits. Journal of Operations management, 20(2), 175-188.
  • Brueckner, J. K. (2001). The economics of international codesharing: an analysis of airline alliances. international Journal of industrial organization, 19(10), 1475-1498. Brueckner, J. K., & Pels, E. (2005). European airline mergers, alliance consolidation, and consumer welfare. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(1), 27-41.
  • Button, K. (2009). The impact of US–EU “Open Skies” agreement on airline market structures and airline networks. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(2), 59-71.
  • Caves, D. W., Christensen, L. R., & Tretheway, M. W. (1981). US Trunk Air Airlines, 1972-1977: a Multilateral Comparison of Total Factor Productivity in Productivity Measurement in Regulated Industries.
  • Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European journal of operational research, 2(6), 429-444.
  • Dennis, N. (2005). Industry consolidation and future airline network structures in Europe. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(3), 175-183.
  • Dennis, N. (2000). Scheduling issues and network strategies for international airline alliances. Journal of Air Transport Management, 6(2), 75-85.
  • Doganis, R. (2005). Airline business in the 21st century. Routledge.
  • Economic Times Making Aviation Work for India – Commentary by Tony Tyler, IATA's Director General and CEO. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.iata.org/pressroom/Documents/oped-making-aviation-work-india-may2012.pdf
  • EC. European Community. (2010). US DOT Transatlantic Airline Alliances: Competitive Issues and Regulatory Approaches.
  • Fethi, M., Jackson, P., & Weyman-Jones, T. (2002). Measuring the efficiency of European airlines: an application of Tobit analysis. Working Paper, University of Leicester, Management Center.
  • Flight Airline Business. (September 2017 Issue). Reed Business Information Ltd.
  • Fornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer: The Swedish experience. Journal of marketing, 56(1), 6-21.
  • Francis, G., Humphreys, I., & Fry, J. (2005). The nature and prevalence of the use of performance measurement techniques by airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(4), 207-217.
  • Gillen, D. (2005). The evolution of networks with changes in industry structure and strategy: connectivity, hub-and-spoke and alliances. Research in Transportation Economics, 13, 49-73.
  • Heskett, J. L. (1986). Managing in the service economy. Harvard Business Press.
  • Hong, S., & Zhang, A. (2010). An efficiency study of airlines and air cargo/passenger divisions: a DEA approach. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 3(1-2), 137-149.
  • Huete, L. M., & Roth, A. V. (1988). The industrialization and span of retail banks' delivery systems. Research Division, IESE.
  • Iatrou, K., & Oretti, M. (2016). Airline choices for the future: from alliances to mergers. Routledge.
  • International Airlines Group. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.iairgroup.com/en/investors-and-shareholders/results-and-reports
  • India Today Government Clears Financial Bailout Package for Air India. (2012). Retrieved from http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/government-clears-financial-bailout-package-for-air-india/1/184294.html
  • İnan, T.T. (2019). Testing Efficiency on Low Cost Carriers: An Application of Robust Data Envelopment Analysis. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 61-83.
  • Joo, S. J., & Fowler, K. L. (2014). Exploring comparative efficiency and determinants of efficiency for major world airlines. Benchmarking: An International Journal.
  • Kleymann, B., & Seristö, H. (2017). Managing strategic airline alliances. Routledge.
  • Kumar, S., Gulati, R. (2008). An Examination of Technical, Pure Technical, and Scale Efficiencies in Indian Public Sector Banks using Data Envelopment Analysis. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 1(2), 33-69.
  • Loveman, G. W. (1998). Employee satisfaction, customer loyalty, and financial performance: an empirical examination of the service profit chain in retail banking. Journal of service research, 1(1), 18-31.
  • Lufthansa Group. (2019). Retrieved from https://investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com/en/publications/financial-reports.html
  • Maasoumi, E., Heshmati, A., Wan, G., Marti, L., Puertas, R., & Calafat, C. (2015). Efficiency of airlines: Hub and Spoke versus Point-to-Point. Journal of economic studies.
  • Martínez Juan, R. (2003). Análisis de las operaciones Hub&spoke en el transporte aéreo. Aplicación al aeropuerto de Barcelona.
  • McLaughlin, C. P., Yang, S., & van Dierdonck, R. (1995). Professional service organizations and focus. Management Science, 41(7), 1185-1193.
  • Merkert, R., & Hensher, D. A. (2011). The impact of strategic management and fleet planning on airline efficiency–A random effects Tobit model based on DEA efficiency scores. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45(7), 686-695.
  • Min, H., & Joo, S. J. (2016). A comparative performance analysis of airline strategic alliances using data envelopment analysis. Journal of Air Transport Management, 52, 99-110.
  • Morrish, S. C., & Hamilton, R. T. (2002). Airline alliances—who benefits?. Journal of Air Transport Management, 8(6), 401-407.
  • Nelson, E. C., Rust, R. T., Zahorik, A., Rose, R. L., Batalden, P., & Siemanski, B. A. (1992). Do patient perceptions of quality relate to hospital financial performance?. Journal of health care marketing, 12(4).
  • Oum, T. H., & Park, J. H. (1997). Airline alliances: current status, policy issues, and future directions. Journal of Air Transport Management, 3(3), 133-144.
  • Oum, T. H., & Park, J. H. A., Zhang (2000).“Globalisation and Strategic Alliances: The Case of the Airline Industry”.
  • Oum, T. H., & Zhang, A. (2001). Key aspects of global strategic alliances and the impacts on the future of Canadian airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 7(5), 287-301.
  • Planas, F. C., & Lewkowycz, R. C. (2009). Estructuras de oferta en transporte aéreo: modelos punto a punto y de red. Harvard Deusto business review, (179), 42-50.
  • Roth, A. V., & Menor, L. J. (2003). Insights into service operations management: a research agenda. Production and Operations management, 12(2), 145-164.
  • Rust, R. T., Zahorik, A. J., & Keiningham, T. L. (1995). Return on quality (ROQ): Making service quality financially accountable. Journal of marketing, 59(2), 58-70.
  • Schefczyk, M. (1993). Operational performance of airlines: an extension of traditional measurement paradigms. Strategic Management Journal, 14(4), 301-317.
  • Scheraga, C. A. (2004). The relationship between operational efficiency and customer service: a global study of thirty-eight large international airlines. Transportation journal, 48-58.
  • Skinner, W. (1974). The focused factory‖ Harvard Business Review, 52.
  • SKYTRAX World Airline Awards. (2019). Retrieved from, https://www.skycop.com/fun-facts/10-largest-airlines-in-europe-by-passenger-numbers/
  • SKYTRAX World Airline Awards. (2019). Retrieved from, https://www.worldairlineawards.com/best-airlines-2019-by-region/
  • SKYTRAX World Airline Awards. (2019). Retrieved from, https://www.worldairlineawards.com/worlds-top-100-airlines-2018/
  • Smith, T. M., & Reece, J. S. (1999). The relationship of strategy, fit, productivity, and business performance in a services setting. Journal of Operations Management, 17(2), 145-161.
  • Swamidass, P. M. (1991). Empirical science: new frontier in operations management research. Academy of management review, 16(4), 793-814.
  • Turkish Airlines. (2019). Retrieved from https://investor.turkishairlines.com/en/financial-and-operational/annual-reports
  • US DOT. Department of Transportation. (2000). Office of the Secretary Transatlantic Deregulation: the Alliance Network Effect
  • Vinod, B. (2005). Practice papers: alliance revenue management. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 4(1), 66-82.
  • Wu, Y., He, C., & Cao, X. (2013). The impact of environmental variables on the efficiency of Chinese and other non-Chinese airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 29, 35-38.

AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNİN BÜYÜK ÖLÇEKLİ BAYRAK TAŞIYICI HAVAYOLLARININ OPERASYONEL VE FİNANSAL VERİMLİLİĞİNİN VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİ İLE İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 310 - 330, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.772897

Öz

Sivil Havacılık Endüstrisi özellikle 1978 deregülasyon döneminden itibaren büyük bir gelişim trendi içerisine girdi. Bu gelişim trendi içerisinde havayollarının uyguladığı stratejiler büyük önem ifade etmektedir. Özellikle havayolu ortaklıkları havayollarının marka değerlerini yitirmelerine neden olsa da operasyonel ve finansal kıstaslar altında daha başarılar sonuçlar elde edilmesi sağlanmıştır. Bu nedenle havayolu ortaklıkları özellikle son 10 yıldır Avrupa Havacılığında hem büyük hem küçük ölçekli havayollarının faydalandığı bir strateji olmuştur. Düşük maliyetli taşıyıcılar hariç Avrupa’nın en büyük 10 havayolunu incelediğimiz zaman sadece Türk Hava Yolları’nın bir ortaklık içerisinde yer almadığını görmekteyiz. Bu çalışmada amaç, kurulan ortaklıkların havayollarının operasyonel ve finansal verimliliklerine etkisini analiz etmektir. Toplam gelir getiren yolcu sayısı ve toplam iniş sayısı operasyonel girdileri oluştururken, arz edilen toplam kilometre ve yolcu başına gelir kilometre ise finansal çıktıları oluşturmaktadır. Bu veriler neticesinde çıkan sonuçlar Avrupa’nın en büyük havayollarının hangi ölçüde verimli olduğunu saptamamıza yardımcı olurken, bir yandan farklı ölçütlerinde ne denli önemli olduğunu ifade etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aeroflot Group. (2019). Retrieved from https://ir.aeroflot.com/shareholders-and-investors/
  • Airbus, S. A. S. (2002). Global market forecast 2001-2020. Retrieved from http://www.airbus.com/en/corporate/gmf/
  • Air France - KLM Group. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.airfranceklm.com/sites/default/files/trafic _va_vdef.pdf
  • Alderighi, M., Cento, A., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (2005). Network competition—the coexistence of hub-and-spoke and point-to-point systems. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(5), 328-334.
  • Anderson, E. W., Fornell, C., & Lehmann, D. R. (1994). Customer satisfaction, market share, and profitability: Findings from Sweden. Journal of marketing, 58(3), 53-66.
  • Banker, R. D., Charnes, A. & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092.
  • Barbot, C., Costa, Á., & Sochirca, E. (2008). Airlines performance in the new market context: A comparative productivity and efficiency analysis. Journal of Air Transport Management, 14(5), 270-274.
  • Bissessur, A., & Alamdari, F. (1998). Factors affecting the operational success of strategic airline alliances. Transportation, 25(4), 331-355.
  • Bloomberg Business India's Discount Airlines Get Vistara as Upscale Rival. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-08/indias-discount-airlines-get-vistara-as-upscale-rival
  • Boyer, K. K., Hallowell, R., & Roth, A. V. (2002). E‐services: operating strategy—a case study and a method for analyzing operational benefits. Journal of Operations management, 20(2), 175-188.
  • Brueckner, J. K. (2001). The economics of international codesharing: an analysis of airline alliances. international Journal of industrial organization, 19(10), 1475-1498. Brueckner, J. K., & Pels, E. (2005). European airline mergers, alliance consolidation, and consumer welfare. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(1), 27-41.
  • Button, K. (2009). The impact of US–EU “Open Skies” agreement on airline market structures and airline networks. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(2), 59-71.
  • Caves, D. W., Christensen, L. R., & Tretheway, M. W. (1981). US Trunk Air Airlines, 1972-1977: a Multilateral Comparison of Total Factor Productivity in Productivity Measurement in Regulated Industries.
  • Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European journal of operational research, 2(6), 429-444.
  • Dennis, N. (2005). Industry consolidation and future airline network structures in Europe. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(3), 175-183.
  • Dennis, N. (2000). Scheduling issues and network strategies for international airline alliances. Journal of Air Transport Management, 6(2), 75-85.
  • Doganis, R. (2005). Airline business in the 21st century. Routledge.
  • Economic Times Making Aviation Work for India – Commentary by Tony Tyler, IATA's Director General and CEO. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.iata.org/pressroom/Documents/oped-making-aviation-work-india-may2012.pdf
  • EC. European Community. (2010). US DOT Transatlantic Airline Alliances: Competitive Issues and Regulatory Approaches.
  • Fethi, M., Jackson, P., & Weyman-Jones, T. (2002). Measuring the efficiency of European airlines: an application of Tobit analysis. Working Paper, University of Leicester, Management Center.
  • Flight Airline Business. (September 2017 Issue). Reed Business Information Ltd.
  • Fornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer: The Swedish experience. Journal of marketing, 56(1), 6-21.
  • Francis, G., Humphreys, I., & Fry, J. (2005). The nature and prevalence of the use of performance measurement techniques by airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(4), 207-217.
  • Gillen, D. (2005). The evolution of networks with changes in industry structure and strategy: connectivity, hub-and-spoke and alliances. Research in Transportation Economics, 13, 49-73.
  • Heskett, J. L. (1986). Managing in the service economy. Harvard Business Press.
  • Hong, S., & Zhang, A. (2010). An efficiency study of airlines and air cargo/passenger divisions: a DEA approach. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 3(1-2), 137-149.
  • Huete, L. M., & Roth, A. V. (1988). The industrialization and span of retail banks' delivery systems. Research Division, IESE.
  • Iatrou, K., & Oretti, M. (2016). Airline choices for the future: from alliances to mergers. Routledge.
  • International Airlines Group. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.iairgroup.com/en/investors-and-shareholders/results-and-reports
  • India Today Government Clears Financial Bailout Package for Air India. (2012). Retrieved from http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/government-clears-financial-bailout-package-for-air-india/1/184294.html
  • İnan, T.T. (2019). Testing Efficiency on Low Cost Carriers: An Application of Robust Data Envelopment Analysis. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 61-83.
  • Joo, S. J., & Fowler, K. L. (2014). Exploring comparative efficiency and determinants of efficiency for major world airlines. Benchmarking: An International Journal.
  • Kleymann, B., & Seristö, H. (2017). Managing strategic airline alliances. Routledge.
  • Kumar, S., Gulati, R. (2008). An Examination of Technical, Pure Technical, and Scale Efficiencies in Indian Public Sector Banks using Data Envelopment Analysis. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 1(2), 33-69.
  • Loveman, G. W. (1998). Employee satisfaction, customer loyalty, and financial performance: an empirical examination of the service profit chain in retail banking. Journal of service research, 1(1), 18-31.
  • Lufthansa Group. (2019). Retrieved from https://investor-relations.lufthansagroup.com/en/publications/financial-reports.html
  • Maasoumi, E., Heshmati, A., Wan, G., Marti, L., Puertas, R., & Calafat, C. (2015). Efficiency of airlines: Hub and Spoke versus Point-to-Point. Journal of economic studies.
  • Martínez Juan, R. (2003). Análisis de las operaciones Hub&spoke en el transporte aéreo. Aplicación al aeropuerto de Barcelona.
  • McLaughlin, C. P., Yang, S., & van Dierdonck, R. (1995). Professional service organizations and focus. Management Science, 41(7), 1185-1193.
  • Merkert, R., & Hensher, D. A. (2011). The impact of strategic management and fleet planning on airline efficiency–A random effects Tobit model based on DEA efficiency scores. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45(7), 686-695.
  • Min, H., & Joo, S. J. (2016). A comparative performance analysis of airline strategic alliances using data envelopment analysis. Journal of Air Transport Management, 52, 99-110.
  • Morrish, S. C., & Hamilton, R. T. (2002). Airline alliances—who benefits?. Journal of Air Transport Management, 8(6), 401-407.
  • Nelson, E. C., Rust, R. T., Zahorik, A., Rose, R. L., Batalden, P., & Siemanski, B. A. (1992). Do patient perceptions of quality relate to hospital financial performance?. Journal of health care marketing, 12(4).
  • Oum, T. H., & Park, J. H. (1997). Airline alliances: current status, policy issues, and future directions. Journal of Air Transport Management, 3(3), 133-144.
  • Oum, T. H., & Park, J. H. A., Zhang (2000).“Globalisation and Strategic Alliances: The Case of the Airline Industry”.
  • Oum, T. H., & Zhang, A. (2001). Key aspects of global strategic alliances and the impacts on the future of Canadian airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 7(5), 287-301.
  • Planas, F. C., & Lewkowycz, R. C. (2009). Estructuras de oferta en transporte aéreo: modelos punto a punto y de red. Harvard Deusto business review, (179), 42-50.
  • Roth, A. V., & Menor, L. J. (2003). Insights into service operations management: a research agenda. Production and Operations management, 12(2), 145-164.
  • Rust, R. T., Zahorik, A. J., & Keiningham, T. L. (1995). Return on quality (ROQ): Making service quality financially accountable. Journal of marketing, 59(2), 58-70.
  • Schefczyk, M. (1993). Operational performance of airlines: an extension of traditional measurement paradigms. Strategic Management Journal, 14(4), 301-317.
  • Scheraga, C. A. (2004). The relationship between operational efficiency and customer service: a global study of thirty-eight large international airlines. Transportation journal, 48-58.
  • Skinner, W. (1974). The focused factory‖ Harvard Business Review, 52.
  • SKYTRAX World Airline Awards. (2019). Retrieved from, https://www.skycop.com/fun-facts/10-largest-airlines-in-europe-by-passenger-numbers/
  • SKYTRAX World Airline Awards. (2019). Retrieved from, https://www.worldairlineawards.com/best-airlines-2019-by-region/
  • SKYTRAX World Airline Awards. (2019). Retrieved from, https://www.worldairlineawards.com/worlds-top-100-airlines-2018/
  • Smith, T. M., & Reece, J. S. (1999). The relationship of strategy, fit, productivity, and business performance in a services setting. Journal of Operations Management, 17(2), 145-161.
  • Swamidass, P. M. (1991). Empirical science: new frontier in operations management research. Academy of management review, 16(4), 793-814.
  • Turkish Airlines. (2019). Retrieved from https://investor.turkishairlines.com/en/financial-and-operational/annual-reports
  • US DOT. Department of Transportation. (2000). Office of the Secretary Transatlantic Deregulation: the Alliance Network Effect
  • Vinod, B. (2005). Practice papers: alliance revenue management. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 4(1), 66-82.
  • Wu, Y., He, C., & Cao, X. (2013). The impact of environmental variables on the efficiency of Chinese and other non-Chinese airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 29, 35-38.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tüzün Tolga İnan 0000-0002-5937-9217

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İnan, T. T. (2020). EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ BIG SCALE FLAG CARRIER AIRLINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(2), 310-330. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.772897
AMA İnan TT. EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ BIG SCALE FLAG CARRIER AIRLINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS. hititsosbil. Aralık 2020;13(2):310-330. doi:10.17218/hititsosbil.772897
Chicago İnan, Tüzün Tolga. “EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ BIG SCALE FLAG CARRIER AIRLINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 13, sy. 2 (Aralık 2020): 310-30. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.772897.
EndNote İnan TT (01 Aralık 2020) EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ BIG SCALE FLAG CARRIER AIRLINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 13 2 310–330.
IEEE T. T. İnan, “EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ BIG SCALE FLAG CARRIER AIRLINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS”, hititsosbil, c. 13, sy. 2, ss. 310–330, 2020, doi: 10.17218/hititsosbil.772897.
ISNAD İnan, Tüzün Tolga. “EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ BIG SCALE FLAG CARRIER AIRLINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 13/2 (Aralık 2020), 310-330. https://doi.org/10.17218/hititsosbil.772897.
JAMA İnan TT. EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ BIG SCALE FLAG CARRIER AIRLINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS. hititsosbil. 2020;13:310–330.
MLA İnan, Tüzün Tolga. “EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ BIG SCALE FLAG CARRIER AIRLINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 310-3, doi:10.17218/hititsosbil.772897.
Vancouver İnan TT. EVALUATION OF THE OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES’ BIG SCALE FLAG CARRIER AIRLINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS. hititsosbil. 2020;13(2):310-3.