Öz
Climate change is gradually increasing, due to natural internal processes and anthropogenic origin processes. These effects in climate change would occur on a global and regional scale. Indeed, climate change may directly or indirectly affect agriculture, forests, vegetation, fresh water resources, sea levels, energy, human health and biodiversity in several ways. Besides, climate change it may create pressure on the agricultural sector causing social and economic problems. Due to climate change, soil and water regimes are subject to change by declining agricultural production and food security is compromised. In long term climate change it is expected to cause stress on water and other resources, badlands, desertification, proliferation of pests, diseases in agricultural crops, and the destruction of coastal ecosystems by sea levels rising. In order to eliminate these disadvantages; the disadvantages must be determined by climate change scenarios. Later adaptation and mitigation strategies should be implemented in an effective manner
Anahtar Kelimeler
Climate Change Agricultural Production Climate Scenarios Adaptation Mitigation
Kaynakça
- BARKER, T., BASHMAKOV, I., ALHARTHİ, A., AMANN, M., CİFUENTES, L., DREXHAGE, J., DUAN, M., EDENHOFER, O., FLANNERY, B., GRUBB, M., HOOGWİJK, M., IBİTOYE, F. I., JEPMA, C. J., PİZER, W.A., YAMAJİ K. (2007), “Mitigation From A Cross-Sectoral Perspective” in Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (Ed.) B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
- BİNDİ, M. and OLESEN J. E. (2000) “Agriculture”, Assessment of Potential Effects and Adaptations for Climate Change in Europe: The Europe ACACIA Project (Ed).M. L. Parry. Norwich, United Kingdom: Jackson Environment Institute, University of East Anglia. CHRİSTENSEN,J.H.(2007) Regional Climate Projections Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis (Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (Ed) Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt K B, Tignor M and Miller H L, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- DOĞAN S. ve TÜZER M. (2011), “Küresel İklim Değişikliği ve Potansiyel Etkileri”, C.Ü. İktisadi ve idari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 12, S.1, ss: 25.
- DUDLEY, N., STOLTON S., BELOKUROV A., KRUEGER L., LOPOUKHİNE N., MacKİNNON K., SANDWİTH T. and SEKHRAN N. (2010), Natural Solutions: Protected Areas Helping People Cope With Climate Change, Gland, Switzerland, Washington DC and New York, USA.
- EC-DGE. (2005), The Impacts and Costs of Climate Change, Watkiss, Paul; Tom Downing; Claire Handley and Ruth Butterfield, AEA Technology Environment Stockholm Environment Institute, Oxford, Final Report, pp. 9.
- DARWİN, R., TSİGAS M., LEWANDROWSKİ , J., and RANESES, A.. (1995). World Agriculture and Climate Change: Economic Adaptations. Agricultural Economic Report 703, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C.
- EASTERLİNG, W. E., AGGARWAL P. K., BATİMA, P. BRANDER, K. M. L., S. ERDA, M. HOWDEN, A. KİRİLENKO, J. MORTON, J.-F. SOUSSANA SCHMİDHUBER, J. and TUBİELLO, F. N.. (2007), Food, fibre and forest products, Climate Change 2007:Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., VAN DER LİNDEN P. J. and Hanson, C. E. [Eds.], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- FAO. (2009), Coping with a changing climate: considerations for adaptation and mitigation in Agriculture Environment And Natural Resources, Management Series 15.
- FAO. (2008), The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008, FAO, Rome, Italy.
- FAO. (1999), The State Of Food İnsecurity İn The World 1999, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, p.32.
- HOUGHTON, R.A.( 2003), “Why Are Estimates of The Terrestrial Carbon Balance So Different?”, Global Change Biology, Vol.9, pp.500-509.
- IFPRI(International Food Policy Research Institute). (2009), Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation, Food Policy Report.
- IPCC. (2001), Mitigation, Adaptation and Climate Change Impacts, Cambridge Universty Press, Cambridge.
- KURUKULASURİYA Pradeep and SHANE Rosenthal.(2003), Climate Change and Agriculture A Review of Impacts and Adaptations, The World Bank Envıronment Department June.
- LAL, R. (2004a), “Soil Carbon Sequestration İmpacts On Global Climate Change And Food Security”, Science Vol.304, pp.1623-1627.
- LAL, R. (2004b), “Soil Sequestration to Mitigate Climate Change”, Geoderma, Vol. 123, pp.1-22.
- LOBELL, D. B. (2008), “Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptationneeds For Food Security in 2030”, Science Vol.319, pp.607–10.
- McMİCMAEL A. and GİTHEKO A.. Human Health, Executive Summary, Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, IPCC, 2007, pp.473.
- MENDELSOHN, Robert. (1999). “Measuring The Effect Of Climate Change On Developing Country Agriculture”, FAO Economic and Social Development Paper, Vol.145 pp.1-31.
- METZ, B., DAVİDSON, O. R., BOSCH, P. R., DAVE R., MEYER L. A. (2007), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
- ÖZEN, NAZ EFŞAN (2012), “Ürün Ticaretinin Finansallaşmasının Tarımsal Ürün ve Gıda Fiyatlarına Etkileri” TEPAV Gıda ve Tarım Politikaları Araş- tırma Enstitüsü, ss: 2)
- PATHAK, H. and WASSMANN, R. (2007). “Introducing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation as A Development Objective in Rice-Based Agriculture: I. Generation of Technical Coefficients”, Agricultural Systems, Vol.94, pp.807–825.
- ROSENZWEİG, C., F. N. TUBİELLO, R. GOLDBERG, E. MİLLS, and J. BLOOMFİELD. (2002). “Increased Crop Damage in the U.S. from Excess Precipitation under Climate Change.” Global Environmental Change: Human Dimensions and Policy, Vol. 12(3), pp.197-202
- SCHERR, S. J. and STHAPİT, S. (2009), Mitigating Climate Change Through Food and Land Use, World Watch Report 179, World Watch Institute, USA.
- SMİTH, P., MARTİNO, D. CAİ, Z., GWARY, D., JANZEN, H., KUMAR, P., Mccarl, B., OGLE, S., O’MARA, F., RİCE, C., SCHOLES B. and SİROTENKO, O. (2007) “Agriculture”, In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (Ed.) B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
- STERN, Nicholas. (2007), The Economics of Climate Change, The Stern Review, Cambridge. UNEP. (2006), Global Environment Outlook 2006, United Nations Environment Programme Year Book, 2006.
- WB. (2007), World Development Indicators, Washington, DC.
- WALLACH, D., MAKOWSKİ, D. and JONES, J. (2006), Working with Dynamic Crop Models—Evaluation, Analysis, Parameterization, and Applications (Amsterdam: Elsevier) pp.462.
- WMO. (2012), Climate Exchange, (Ed.) Ramasamy Selvaraju, Climate information services for food and agriculture Climate, Energy and Tenure Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp.1.
- WMO. (1996), Weather, Climate, and Health, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, WMONO, pp.892.
- www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr21app1.pdf www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-annex1.pdf,(erişim 2/1/2014)
- www.tmo.gov.tr/Upload/Document/raporlar/HububatSektorRaporu.pdf (18/7/2014)
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIM ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: BU ETKİLERİ GİDERMEYE YÖNELİK UYUM VE AZALTIM STRATEJİLERİ
Öz
İklim değişikliği, doğal iç süreçlerin yanı sıra antropojen kaynaklı süreçler nedeniyle günümüzde etkisini giderek arttırmaktadır. İklim değişikliğinin yaratacağı bu etkilerin ise küresel ve bölgesel ölçeklerde ortaya çıkması beklenmektedir. Nitekim iklim değişikliği; tarım, orman ve bitki örtüsü, temiz su kaynakları, deniz seviyesi, enerji, insan sağlığı ve biyolojik çeşitliliği doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak çeşitli şekillerde etkileyebilmektedir. Tüm bunların yanında, iklim değişikliği sosyal ve ekonomik sorunsallara neden olarak tarım üzerinde baskı oluşturabilmektedir. İklim değişikliği nedeniyle toprak ve su rejimleri değişime uğramakta, tarımsal üretim azalmakta ve gıda güvenliği tehlikeye girmektedir. İklim değişikliğinin uzun dönemde; su ve diğer kaynaklar üzerinde stres oluşturması, toprakları verimsizleştirmesi, tarım alanlarının durumlarını kötüleştirmesi, geniş çapta çölleşmelere neden olması, tarım mahsullerinde zararlı ve hastalıkların çoğalmasına sebep olması ve deniz seviyesini yükselterek kıyı ekosistemlerini tahrip etmesi beklenmektedir. Günümüzde iklim değişikliğine bağlı bu olumsuzlukların giderilebilmesi için öncelikle iklim değişikliği senaryoları ile durumun tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. Sonrasında ise, uyum ve azaltım stratejileri etkin bir şekilde uygulanarak bu etkiler asgari düzeye indirilmelidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
İklim Değişikliği Tarımsal Üretim İklim Senaryoları Uyum Azaltım
Kaynakça
- BARKER, T., BASHMAKOV, I., ALHARTHİ, A., AMANN, M., CİFUENTES, L., DREXHAGE, J., DUAN, M., EDENHOFER, O., FLANNERY, B., GRUBB, M., HOOGWİJK, M., IBİTOYE, F. I., JEPMA, C. J., PİZER, W.A., YAMAJİ K. (2007), “Mitigation From A Cross-Sectoral Perspective” in Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (Ed.) B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
- BİNDİ, M. and OLESEN J. E. (2000) “Agriculture”, Assessment of Potential Effects and Adaptations for Climate Change in Europe: The Europe ACACIA Project (Ed).M. L. Parry. Norwich, United Kingdom: Jackson Environment Institute, University of East Anglia. CHRİSTENSEN,J.H.(2007) Regional Climate Projections Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis (Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (Ed) Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt K B, Tignor M and Miller H L, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- DOĞAN S. ve TÜZER M. (2011), “Küresel İklim Değişikliği ve Potansiyel Etkileri”, C.Ü. İktisadi ve idari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 12, S.1, ss: 25.
- DUDLEY, N., STOLTON S., BELOKUROV A., KRUEGER L., LOPOUKHİNE N., MacKİNNON K., SANDWİTH T. and SEKHRAN N. (2010), Natural Solutions: Protected Areas Helping People Cope With Climate Change, Gland, Switzerland, Washington DC and New York, USA.
- EC-DGE. (2005), The Impacts and Costs of Climate Change, Watkiss, Paul; Tom Downing; Claire Handley and Ruth Butterfield, AEA Technology Environment Stockholm Environment Institute, Oxford, Final Report, pp. 9.
- DARWİN, R., TSİGAS M., LEWANDROWSKİ , J., and RANESES, A.. (1995). World Agriculture and Climate Change: Economic Adaptations. Agricultural Economic Report 703, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, D.C.
- EASTERLİNG, W. E., AGGARWAL P. K., BATİMA, P. BRANDER, K. M. L., S. ERDA, M. HOWDEN, A. KİRİLENKO, J. MORTON, J.-F. SOUSSANA SCHMİDHUBER, J. and TUBİELLO, F. N.. (2007), Food, fibre and forest products, Climate Change 2007:Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., VAN DER LİNDEN P. J. and Hanson, C. E. [Eds.], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- FAO. (2009), Coping with a changing climate: considerations for adaptation and mitigation in Agriculture Environment And Natural Resources, Management Series 15.
- FAO. (2008), The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008, FAO, Rome, Italy.
- FAO. (1999), The State Of Food İnsecurity İn The World 1999, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, p.32.
- HOUGHTON, R.A.( 2003), “Why Are Estimates of The Terrestrial Carbon Balance So Different?”, Global Change Biology, Vol.9, pp.500-509.
- IFPRI(International Food Policy Research Institute). (2009), Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation, Food Policy Report.
- IPCC. (2001), Mitigation, Adaptation and Climate Change Impacts, Cambridge Universty Press, Cambridge.
- KURUKULASURİYA Pradeep and SHANE Rosenthal.(2003), Climate Change and Agriculture A Review of Impacts and Adaptations, The World Bank Envıronment Department June.
- LAL, R. (2004a), “Soil Carbon Sequestration İmpacts On Global Climate Change And Food Security”, Science Vol.304, pp.1623-1627.
- LAL, R. (2004b), “Soil Sequestration to Mitigate Climate Change”, Geoderma, Vol. 123, pp.1-22.
- LOBELL, D. B. (2008), “Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptationneeds For Food Security in 2030”, Science Vol.319, pp.607–10.
- McMİCMAEL A. and GİTHEKO A.. Human Health, Executive Summary, Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, IPCC, 2007, pp.473.
- MENDELSOHN, Robert. (1999). “Measuring The Effect Of Climate Change On Developing Country Agriculture”, FAO Economic and Social Development Paper, Vol.145 pp.1-31.
- METZ, B., DAVİDSON, O. R., BOSCH, P. R., DAVE R., MEYER L. A. (2007), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
- ÖZEN, NAZ EFŞAN (2012), “Ürün Ticaretinin Finansallaşmasının Tarımsal Ürün ve Gıda Fiyatlarına Etkileri” TEPAV Gıda ve Tarım Politikaları Araş- tırma Enstitüsü, ss: 2)
- PATHAK, H. and WASSMANN, R. (2007). “Introducing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation as A Development Objective in Rice-Based Agriculture: I. Generation of Technical Coefficients”, Agricultural Systems, Vol.94, pp.807–825.
- ROSENZWEİG, C., F. N. TUBİELLO, R. GOLDBERG, E. MİLLS, and J. BLOOMFİELD. (2002). “Increased Crop Damage in the U.S. from Excess Precipitation under Climate Change.” Global Environmental Change: Human Dimensions and Policy, Vol. 12(3), pp.197-202
- SCHERR, S. J. and STHAPİT, S. (2009), Mitigating Climate Change Through Food and Land Use, World Watch Report 179, World Watch Institute, USA.
- SMİTH, P., MARTİNO, D. CAİ, Z., GWARY, D., JANZEN, H., KUMAR, P., Mccarl, B., OGLE, S., O’MARA, F., RİCE, C., SCHOLES B. and SİROTENKO, O. (2007) “Agriculture”, In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (Ed.) B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
- STERN, Nicholas. (2007), The Economics of Climate Change, The Stern Review, Cambridge. UNEP. (2006), Global Environment Outlook 2006, United Nations Environment Programme Year Book, 2006.
- WB. (2007), World Development Indicators, Washington, DC.
- WALLACH, D., MAKOWSKİ, D. and JONES, J. (2006), Working with Dynamic Crop Models—Evaluation, Analysis, Parameterization, and Applications (Amsterdam: Elsevier) pp.462.
- WMO. (2012), Climate Exchange, (Ed.) Ramasamy Selvaraju, Climate information services for food and agriculture Climate, Energy and Tenure Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp.1.
- WMO. (1996), Weather, Climate, and Health, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, WMONO, pp.892.
- www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr21app1.pdf www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-annex1.pdf,(erişim 2/1/2014)
- www.tmo.gov.tr/Upload/Document/raporlar/HububatSektorRaporu.pdf (18/7/2014)
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 2 Şubat 2015 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2 |