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Yıl 2014, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 379 - 402, 02.02.2015

Ali Büyükkarakaya

https://doi.org/10.17218/husbed.70236
Cited By: 1

Öz

In this study, human skeletal remains recovered from the Tepecik-Çiftlik archaeological settlement located in Central Anatolia were examined regarding general child health and the effect with regard to sex. The material examined in this study was dated 7th millennium cal BC (Neolithic Period) and consisted of 696 permanent teeth. Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs) were used as a proxy for malnutrition and poor health conditions in the childhood period. The frequency of LEH was detected in 32.0% of the teeth belonging to Tepecik-Çiftlik Neolithic people. This indicates that individuals who lived at the site were faced with physiological stresses marked in their childhood period. Additionally, it was determined that the frequency of LEH had varied significantly in sex subgroups of the population. Nearly two times more LEH was detected in females (47.1 %) as compared to males (25.6%). It’s concluded that the discrepancy observed between the sexes might be related, and a disadvantaged status of the girls in comparison with the boys in terms of nutrition and childcare

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anatolia Bioarchaeology Parental investment Gender Enamel hypoplasia

Kaynakça

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  • BIÇAKÇI, E. (2001). Tepecik/Çiftlik Höyüğü (Niğde) ışığında Orta Anadolu Tarihöncesi kültürleri ile ilgili yeni bir değerlendirme. Tüba-Ar, 4, 25 - 41.
  • BIÇAKÇI, E., ALTINBİLEK ALGÜL, Ç., BALCI, S. & GODON, M. (2007). Tepecik-Çiftlik. M. Özdoğan & N. Başgelen (Ed.), Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem içinde (s.237-253), İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • BIÇAKÇI, E., GODON, M. & ÇAKAN, Y.G. (2012). Tepecik-Çiftlik. In M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen & P. Kuniholm (Eds.) The Neolithic in Turkey (Vol 3). İstanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications. ss. 89-134.
  • BLAKEY, M.L., LESLIE, T.E. & REIDY, J.P. (1994). Frequency and chronological distribution of dental enamel hypoplasia in enslaved African Americans: A test of the weaning hypothesis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 95: 371-383.
  • BOCQUET-APPEL, JP & BAR-YOSEF, O. (2008a). Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences. Springer.
  • BOCQUET-APPEL, JP & BAR-YOSEF, O. (2008b). Prehistoric demography in a time of globalization. In Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences. JP Bocquet-Appel and O. Bar-Yosef (Eds). Springer, ss. 1-10.
  • BOUVILLE, C., CONSTANDSE-WESTERMANN, T.S., & NEWELL, R.R. (1983). Les restes humins mesolithiques de l’Abri Corbille, Istres (Bouches-du-Rhone). Bull.
  • Et Mem. de la Soc. d’anthrop. de Paris. 13: 89-110.
  • BOZ, B. (2005). The oral health of Çatalhöyük neolithic people. Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons.Ed. I. Hodder. The Çatalhöyük Research Project Volume 4, Chapter 24. McDonald Institute monographs/The British Instıtute of Archaeology at Ankara. Cambridge, ss.587-591.
  • BUIKSTRA, J.E. & UBELAKER, D.H. (1994). Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Arkansas: Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series No. 44.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M. (2004). Anadolu Erken Neolitik Toplumlarında Mine Hipoplazilerinin Epidemiyolojik Açıdan İncelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M. (2011). Eski İnsan Topluluklarında Stres Göstergelerinin İncelenmesi: İkiztepe ve Tasmasor Örnekleri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M. (2012). Tasmasor ve İkiztepe arkeolojik topluluklarında mine hipoplazilerinin incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil-Tarih ve Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 52 Sayı 2. DOI: 10.1501/Dtcfder_0000001308.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M. & ERDAL, Y.S. (2006). Çayönü ve Aşıklı Toplumlarında Büyüme Bozuklukları. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 20: 63-72.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M., ERDAL, Y.S. & ÖZBEK, M. (2009). Tepecik/Çiftlik İnsanlarının Antropolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 24: 119-138.
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TEPECİK-ÇİFTLİK NEOLİTİK İNSANLARINDA GENEL VE CİNSİYET YÖNELİMLİ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 379 - 402, 02.02.2015

Ali Büyükkarakaya

https://doi.org/10.17218/husbed.70236
Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışmada Orta Anadolu’da yer alan Tepecik-Çiftlik arkeolojik yerleşmesinden gün ışığına çıkarılmış insan iskelet kalıntıları genel çocuk sağlığı ve cinsiyetin çocuk sağlığına etkisi bakımından incelenmektedir. Çalışmada incelenen materyal TepecikÇiftlik yerleşmesinin M.Ö. 7. bine tarihlenen Neolitik Dönem’e ait tabakalarından ele geçirilmiştir. İncelenen materyal 696 sürekli dişten oluşmaktadır. Sürekli dişler, çocukluk döneminde karşılaşılan kötü beslenme ve kötü sağlık koşullarının bir göstergesi olan lineer mine hipoplazileri açısından incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda Tepecik-Çiftlik insanlarına ait dişlerin % 32’sinde mine hipoplazisi saptanmıştır. Bu değer Tepecik-Çiftlik’te çocukluk çağında bireylerin kötü beslenme
ve hastalık durumları gibi fizyolojik streslerle önemli miktarda karşı karşıya kaldıklarına işaret etmiştir. Ayrıca, toplulukta mine hipoplazilerinin cinsiyetlere göre dağılımı açısından da ciddi bir farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Kadınlarda (% 47,1)
erkeklerin (% 25,6) neredeyse iki katı daha fazla mine hipoplazisi belirlenmiştir. Cinsiyetler arasında gözlemlenen bu farkın kız çocuklarının beslenme ve çocuk bakımı açısından erkek çocuklarına göre dezavantajlı durumlarıyla ilişkili olabileceği
sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anadolu Biyoarkeoloji Ebeveyn yatırımı Toplumsal cinsiyet Mine hipoplazisi

Kaynakça

  • ASOUTI, E. (2000). Beyond the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B interaction sphere. Journal of World Prehistory Vol. 20 No: 2/4: 87-126.
  • BIÇAKÇI, E. (2001). Tepecik/Çiftlik Höyüğü (Niğde) ışığında Orta Anadolu Tarihöncesi kültürleri ile ilgili yeni bir değerlendirme. Tüba-Ar, 4, 25 - 41.
  • BIÇAKÇI, E., ALTINBİLEK ALGÜL, Ç., BALCI, S. & GODON, M. (2007). Tepecik-Çiftlik. M. Özdoğan & N. Başgelen (Ed.), Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem içinde (s.237-253), İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • BIÇAKÇI, E., GODON, M. & ÇAKAN, Y.G. (2012). Tepecik-Çiftlik. In M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen & P. Kuniholm (Eds.) The Neolithic in Turkey (Vol 3). İstanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications. ss. 89-134.
  • BLAKEY, M.L., LESLIE, T.E. & REIDY, J.P. (1994). Frequency and chronological distribution of dental enamel hypoplasia in enslaved African Americans: A test of the weaning hypothesis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 95: 371-383.
  • BOCQUET-APPEL, JP & BAR-YOSEF, O. (2008a). Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences. Springer.
  • BOCQUET-APPEL, JP & BAR-YOSEF, O. (2008b). Prehistoric demography in a time of globalization. In Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences. JP Bocquet-Appel and O. Bar-Yosef (Eds). Springer, ss. 1-10.
  • BOUVILLE, C., CONSTANDSE-WESTERMANN, T.S., & NEWELL, R.R. (1983). Les restes humins mesolithiques de l’Abri Corbille, Istres (Bouches-du-Rhone). Bull.
  • Et Mem. de la Soc. d’anthrop. de Paris. 13: 89-110.
  • BOZ, B. (2005). The oral health of Çatalhöyük neolithic people. Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons.Ed. I. Hodder. The Çatalhöyük Research Project Volume 4, Chapter 24. McDonald Institute monographs/The British Instıtute of Archaeology at Ankara. Cambridge, ss.587-591.
  • BUIKSTRA, J.E. & UBELAKER, D.H. (1994). Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Arkansas: Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series No. 44.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M. (2004). Anadolu Erken Neolitik Toplumlarında Mine Hipoplazilerinin Epidemiyolojik Açıdan İncelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M. (2011). Eski İnsan Topluluklarında Stres Göstergelerinin İncelenmesi: İkiztepe ve Tasmasor Örnekleri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M. (2012). Tasmasor ve İkiztepe arkeolojik topluluklarında mine hipoplazilerinin incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil-Tarih ve Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 52 Sayı 2. DOI: 10.1501/Dtcfder_0000001308.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M. & ERDAL, Y.S. (2006). Çayönü ve Aşıklı Toplumlarında Büyüme Bozuklukları. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 20: 63-72.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M., ERDAL, Y.S. & ÖZBEK, M. (2009). Tepecik/Çiftlik İnsanlarının Antropolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 24: 119-138.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M., ERDAL, Y.S. & ÖZBEK, M. (2012). “Tepecik/Çiftlik Höyük’te Bulunan Neolitik Dönem Kolektif Gömünün Paleoantropolojik Analizi” 34. Uluslararası Kazı, Araştırma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu, 28 Mayıs – 01 Haziran, Çorum.
  • BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, A.M. & ERDAL, Y.S. (2014). “New Data on Mortuary Practices from the Early Pottery Neolithic Site of Tepecik-Çiftlik, Central Anatolia”. European Association of Archaeologists 20th Annual Meeting, September, 10-14, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • CAUVIN, J. (2000). The birth of the gods and the origins of agriculture. Çev. T. Watkins. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • CLARK, A.L., TAYLES, N. & HALCROW S.E. (2014). Aspects of health in prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia: Indicators of stres in response to the intensification of rice agriculture. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 153: 484-495.
  • COHEN, M.N. (2008). Implications of the NDT for world wide health and mortality in Prehistory. In Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences. JP BocquetAppel and O. Bar-Yosef (Eds). Springer, ss. 481-500.
  • COHEN, M.N. & ARMELAGOS, G.J. (1984). “Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture: Editors’ Summation”. Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (Ed.M.N. Cohen ve G.J. Armelagos) içinde (585-601). Orlando: Academic Press.
  • ÇAKAN, Y.G. (2013). Tepecik-Çiftlik Son Neolitik Dönem Mimarisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
  • DABBS, G.R. (2011). Health status among prehistoric Eskimos from Point Hope, Alaska. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146: 94-103.
  • DRAPER, P. (2014). !Kung kadınları: Avcı-toplayıcı ve yerleşik bağlamlarda cinsel eşitlikçilik farkları. Kadın Antropolojisi (Çev. Bürge Abiral), Ed. R.R. Reiter. Dipnot Yayınları: Ankara, s.s.83-118.
  • EL-NAJJAR, M.Y., M.V. DESANTI, & L. OZEBEK, L. (1978). Prevalence and Possible Etiology of Dental Enamel Hypoplasia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 48: 185-192.
  • ERDAL, Ö.D. (2004). Eklem Hastalıklarının yaşam biçimiyle ilişkisi: Eski Anadolu toplulukları örneği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
  • ERDAL, Y.S. (1996). İznik Geç Bizans Dönemi İnsanlarının Çene ve Dişlerinin Antropolojik Açıdan İncelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • ERDAL, Y.S. (2000). Eski Anadolu toplumlarında çocuk sağlığı ve hastalıkları. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 43: 5-19.
  • ERDAL, Y.S. (2009). Bademağacı Erken Neolitik İnsanları. 24. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı, 97-117.
  • FEDERATION DENTAIRE INTERNATIONAL. (FDI) (1982). An Epidemiological Index of Developmental Defects of Dental Enamel (DDE Index). International Dental Journal 32:159-167.
  • GEBEL, H.G.K. (2010). Commodification and the formation of Early Nolithic social identity. The issues as seen from the southern Jordanian Highlands. In Ed. M. Benz. The principle of sharing, segregation and construction of social identaties at the transtion from foraging to farming. Studies in Early Near Eastern production, subsistence, and environment 14. Berlin, Ex Oriente: 35-80.
  • GOODMAN, A.H. & ROSE, J.C. (1990). “Assessment of Systemic Physiological Perturbations From Dental Enamel Hypoplasias and Associated Histological Structures”. Yearbook of physical Anthropology 33: 59-110.
  • GOODMAN, A.H. & ROSE, J.C. (1991). “Dental enamel hypoplasias as indicators of nutritional status”. (Ed.M.A. Kelley, ve C.S. Larsen). Advances in Dental Anthropology içinde (279-293).New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.
  • GOODMAN, A.H., MARTINEZ, C. & CHAVEZ, A. (1991). “Nutritional supplementation and the developmental of linear enamel hypoplasias in children from Tezonteopan, Mexico”. American Journal of Clincal Nutrition 53: 773-81.
  • GOODMAN, A.H., ALLEN, L.H., HERNANDEZ, G.P., AMADOR, A., ARRIOLA, L.V., CHAVEZ A., & PELTO, G.H. (1987). Prevalence and age at development of enamel hypoplasias in Mexican children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72: 7-19.
  • GOODMAN, A.H., THOMAS, R.B., SWEDLUND, A.C. & G.J. ARMELAGOS, G.J. (1988). Biocultural Perspectives on Stres in Prehistoric, Historic, and Contemporary Population Research. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 31: 169-202.
  • GUATELLI-STEINBERG, D. & LUKACS, J.R. (1999). Interpreting sex differences in enamel hypoplasia in human and non-human primates: developmental, environmental, and cultural considerations. Yearbook of physical Anthropology, 42,73-126.
  • DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(1999)110:29+<73::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-K HALCROW, S.E. & TAYLES, N. (2008). Stress near the start of life? Localized enamel hypoplasia of primary canine in late prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia. Journal of Archeological Science, 35,2215-2222. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2008.02.002.
  • HERSKOVITZ, I. & GOPHER, A. (2008). Demographic, biological and cultural aspects of the neolithic revolution: A view from the Southern Levant. In Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences. JP Bocquet-Appel and O. Bar-Yosef (Eds). Springer, ss. 441- 479.
  • HILLSON, S. (1996). Dental Anthropology, Cambridge: Cambridge Universty Press. HILLSON, S. (2008). Dental Pathology. In Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton (2nd ed.). Eds by M.A. Katzenberg ve S.R. Saunders. Wiley-Liss, New Jersey.ss.301-340.
  • HODDER, I. (2005). Peopling Çatalhöyük and it Landscape. In Inhabiting Çatalhöyük, reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. I. Hodder (Ed). Çatalhöyük Research Project Volume 4. McDonald Institude Monograps, BIAA Monograph No.38. Cambridge, 1-30.
  • KING, N.M. (1989). Developmental defects of enamel in Chinese girls and boys in Hong Kong. Advances in Dental Research 3: 120-125.
  • KING, T., HUMPREY, LT & HILLSON, S. (2005). Linear enamel hypoplasias as indicators of systematic physiological stres: Evidence from two known age-at-death and sx populatons from Postmedieval London. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128: 547-559.
  • KLAUS, H.D. & TAM, M.E. (2009). Contact in the Andes: Bioarchaeology of systemic stres in Colonial Morrope, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138: 356-368.
  • KOTTAK, C.P. (2001). Antropoloji, İnsan çeşitliliğine bir bakış. Ütopya Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • KROGMAN, W.M. & İŞCAN, M.Y. (1986). The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine. Illionis, Charles C. Thomas. KUIJT, I. (2000). Life in Neolithic Farming Communities, Social organization, Identity and differentation. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York.
  • LANPHEAR, K.M. (1990). Frequency and distribution of enamel hypoplasias in a historic skeletal sample. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 81: 35-43.
  • LARSEN, C.S. (1984). Health and Disease in Prehistoric Georgia: The Transition to Agriculture. (Ed.M.N. Cohen ve G.J.Armelagos). Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture içinde (367-389). Orlando: Academic Press.
  • LARSEN, C.S. (2004). Bioarchaeology, interpreting behavior from the human skeleton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • LEWIS, M.E. (2007). Bioarchaeology of Children, perspectives from biological and forensic anthropology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • LEWIS, M. & ROBERTS, C. (1997). Growing Pains: the interpretation of stres indicators. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, vol.7: 581-586.
  • LOTH, S.R. & İŞCAN, M.Y. (1989). Morphological assesment of age in the adult: The thoracic region. Age Markers in the Human Skeleton., M.Y. İşcan (Ed.). Illionis. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, ss. 105-135.
  • LOVEJOY, C.O., MEINDL, R.S., PRYZBECK, T.R. & MEINSFORTH, R.P. (1985). Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68: 15-28.
  • LOVELL, N.C. & WHYTE, I. (1999). Patterns of dental enamel defects at Mendes, Egypt. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110: 69-80.
  • LUKACS, J.R. & MISRA, V.D. (1995). The People of Lekhahia: A Biocultural Portrait of Late Mesolithic Foragers of North India. South Asian Archaeology, Vol.2 içinde (873-889). Allchin, R. ve Allchin, B (Ed.). New Delhi: Oxford-IBH Publishers.
  • LUKACS, J.R., NELSON, G.C. & WALIMBE, S.R. (2001). Enamel hypoplasia and childhood stress in prehistory: New data from India and Southwest Asia. Journal of Archeological Science, 28, 1159-1169. DOI: 10.1006/jasc.1999.0632.
  • MAY,R.R., GOODMAN, A.H. & MEINDL, R.S. (1993). “Response of Bone and Enamel Formation to Nutritional Supplematation and Morbidity among Malnourished Guatemalan Children”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 92: 37-51.
  • MARTIN, D.L., ARMELAGOS, G.J., GOODMAN, A.H. & VAN GERVEN, D.P. (1984). The Effects of Socioeconomic Change in Prehistoric Africa: Sudanese Nubia as a Case Study.(Ed. M.N. Cohen ve G.J. Armelagos). Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture içinde (193-213). Orlando: Academic Press.
  • MAUNDERS, J., GOODMAN, A.H. & FROMENT, A. (1992). “The Ecology of Dental Enamel Hypoplasias Among Seven Cameroonian Groups”. Journal of Human Ecology, Special issue 2: 109-116.
  • MEINDL, R.S. & LOVEJOY, C.O. (1985). Ectocranial Suture Closure: a revised method for the determination of skeletal age at the death based on the lateral-anteior sutures. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68: 57-66.
  • MEINDL, R.S., LOVEJOY, C.O., MENSFORTH, R.P. & WALKER, R.A. (1985). A revised method of age determination using the os pubis, with a review and tests of accuracy of other current methods of pubic symphyseal aging. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68: 29-45.
  • ÖZBEK, M. (2007). Dünden Bugüne İnsan. İmge Kitabevi Yayınları: Ankara.
  • ÖZBEK, M. & ERDAL, Ö.D. (2006). Anadolu’nun bazı Neolitik ve Kalkolitik topluluklarında bebek ölümleri ve olası nedenleri. Türk Arkeoloji ve Etnoğrafya Dergisi 6: 41-52.
  • ÖZDEMİR, K. & ERDAL, Y.S. (2012). Element analizleri ile Erken Tunç Çağı İkiztepe toplumunun yaşadığı ekolojik ortam ve besin kaynaklarının belirlenmesi üzerine bir deneme. Türkiye’de Arkeometrinin Ulu Çınarları, Prof. Dr. Ay Melek Özer ve Prof. Dr. Şahinde Demirci’ye Armağan içinde. Editörler: Ali Akın Akyol ve Kameray Özdemir. Homer Kitabevi: İstanbul, ss. 281-293
  • ÖZDOĞAN, M & BAŞGELEN N. (2007). Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul. PINDBORG, J.J. (1982). Aetiology of developmental enamel defects not related to fluorosis. International Dental Journal 32-2: 123-135.
  • SAGONA, A & ZIMANSKY, P. (2009). Ancient Turkey. Routledge, New York.
  • SARNAT, B.G. & SCHOUR, I. (1941). Enamel Hypoplasia (Chronic Enamel Aplasia) in Relation to Systemic Disease: A Chronologic, Morphologic and Etiologic Classification. Jour. A.D.A., Vol.28, December s. 1999- 2000.
  • SAUNDERS, S.R. & KEENLEYSIDE, A. (1999). Enamel Hypoplasia in a Canadian Historic Sample. American Journal of Human Biology 11. s.513-524.
  • SAWYER, D.R. & NWOKU, A.L. (1985). Malnutrition and the oral health of children in Ogbomosho, Nigeria. Journal of Dentistry for Children 52 / 2:141-145.
  • SCIULLI, P.W. (1978). Developmental abnormalities of the permanent dentition in Prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians. American Journal of physical Anthropology 48: 193-198.
  • SLAUS, M. (2000). Biocultural analysis of sex differences in mortality profiles and stres levels in the Late Medieval population from Nova Raca, Crotia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111: 193-209.
  • SLAUS, M. (2008). Osteological and dental markers of health in the transition from the Late Antique to the Early Medieval Period in Crotia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 136:455-469.
  • SKINNER, M.F. & HUNG, J.T.W. (1989). Social and biological correlates of localized enamel hypoplasia of the human deciduous canine tooth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 79,159-175.
  • STINSON, S. (1985). Sex differences in environmental sensitivity during growth and development. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 28:123-147.
  • STINSON, S. (1994). Are females more buffered than males during postnatal growth? American Journal of Physical Anthropology Supplement 18:188.
  • TEMPLE, D.H., MCGROARTY, JN., GUATELLI-STEINBERG, D., NAKATSUKASA, & MATSUMARA, H. (2013). A comparative study of stres episode prevalence and duration among Jomon period foragers from Hokkaido. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 152: 230-238.
  • TURNER II, C.G. (1979). Dental anthropological indications of agriculture among Jomon people of Central Japan. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 51: 619-636.
  • UBELAKER, D.H. (1989). Human skeletal remains (2nd ed.). Smithsonian Institution: Washington.
  • UYSAL, G. (2012). “Ankara popülasyonunda” mine hipoplazisi ve boyuna büyüme arasındaki ilişki. Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 29 Sayı 1:273-292
  • WEA (Workshop of European Anthropologists). (1980). Recommedation for age and sex diagnosis of skeletons.Journal of Human Evolution 9:517-549.
  • WHO (World Health Organisation). (2014). World health statistics. (erişim adresi: http:// apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112738/1/9789240692671_eng.pdf?ua=1), (erişim tarihi: 25 Ekim 2014).
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ali Büyükkarakaya

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Şubat 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Büyükkarakaya, A. (2015). TEPECİK-ÇİFTLİK NEOLİTİK İNSANLARINDA GENEL VE CİNSİYET YÖNELİMLİ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(2), 379-402. https://doi.org/10.17218/husbed.70236
AMA Büyükkarakaya A. TEPECİK-ÇİFTLİK NEOLİTİK İNSANLARINDA GENEL VE CİNSİYET YÖNELİMLİ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI. hititsosbil. Şubat 2015;7(2):379-402. doi:10.17218/husbed.70236
Chicago Büyükkarakaya, Ali. “TEPECİK-ÇİFTLİK NEOLİTİK İNSANLARINDA GENEL VE CİNSİYET YÖNELİMLİ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 7, sy. 2 (Şubat 2015): 379-402. https://doi.org/10.17218/husbed.70236.
EndNote Büyükkarakaya A (01 Şubat 2015) TEPECİK-ÇİFTLİK NEOLİTİK İNSANLARINDA GENEL VE CİNSİYET YÖNELİMLİ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 7 2 379–402.
IEEE A. Büyükkarakaya, “TEPECİK-ÇİFTLİK NEOLİTİK İNSANLARINDA GENEL VE CİNSİYET YÖNELİMLİ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI”, hititsosbil, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 379–402, 2015, doi: 10.17218/husbed.70236.
ISNAD Büyükkarakaya, Ali. “TEPECİK-ÇİFTLİK NEOLİTİK İNSANLARINDA GENEL VE CİNSİYET YÖNELİMLİ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 7/2 (Şubat 2015), 379-402. https://doi.org/10.17218/husbed.70236.
JAMA Büyükkarakaya A. TEPECİK-ÇİFTLİK NEOLİTİK İNSANLARINDA GENEL VE CİNSİYET YÖNELİMLİ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI. hititsosbil. 2015;7:379–402.
MLA Büyükkarakaya, Ali. “TEPECİK-ÇİFTLİK NEOLİTİK İNSANLARINDA GENEL VE CİNSİYET YÖNELİMLİ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 2, 2015, ss. 379-02, doi:10.17218/husbed.70236.
Vancouver Büyükkarakaya A. TEPECİK-ÇİFTLİK NEOLİTİK İNSANLARINDA GENEL VE CİNSİYET YÖNELİMLİ ÇOCUK SAĞLIĞI. hititsosbil. 2015;7(2):379-402.

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