Troya’da Bulunan Son Tunç Çağı Kılıç Kabza Başları

Yıl 2024, , 19 - 46, 15.05.2024

Rüstem Aslan , Fecri Polat

https://doi.org/10.37879/hoyuk.2024.1.019

Öz

Tunç Çağı kılıçlarının özellikleri, tipolojileri ve kullanım esasları ile ilgili önemli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Fakat Batı Anadolu’daki en önemli Tunç Çağı merkezlerinden Troya’da ise söz konusu bu buluntular konusunda kapsamlı bir değerlendirme yapılmamıştır. Özellikle 150 yılı aşan Troya kazılarının hemen her döneminde ele geçirilen ve hiç de azımsanmayacak yoğunlukta bulunan mermer ve fildişi kılıç kabza başları hem bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmemiş hem de kısmen yanlış şekilde yorumlanmışlardır.
Troya 2019 kazı çalışmalarında daha önceki örneklerin aksine kale dışında da ele geçen kabza başı, söz konusu buluntuların yaygın kullanımına işaret etmektedir. 1871 Heinrich Schliemann kazılarından itibaren, son dönem kazılarına kadar Troya’da 21 tane kılıç kabza başı çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle 1988-2005 yıllarındaki M. O. Korfmann dönemi kazılarında bulunan ve yarı işlenmiş durumdaki kabza örneği, bu kılıçların üretildiği atölyelerden birinin de olasılıkla Troya’da olabileceğini göstermektedir. Yerel üretimin güçlü bir kanıtı olarak karşımıza çıkan bu yarı işlenmiş örneğin tamamlanmamış haliyle ithal edilme olasılığı çok düşüktür. Bu ürünün Troya’da üretiliyor olması Troya’da üretilen Miken taklidi ürünlere bir yenisini eklememiz anlamına gelmektedir. Böylesi önemli yoğunlukta ele geçen kabza başları, Troya’da ele geçen zengin silah üretim teknolojisinin varlığı, savaş hendeği ve güçlü surlarla birleştiğinde kılıç üretimi konusunda Troya’nın da önemli bir yere sahip olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu kapsamda, Troya kazılarında çıkan kılıç kabza başları, yeniden değerlendirilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Troya, Tunç Çağı, Metalürji, Kılıçlar, Kabza Başları

Late Bronze Age Sword Pommels From Troy

Öz

There are considerable studies have been carried out on the characteristics, typologies, and useful features of Bronze Age swords. However, a comprehensive evaluation of these findings has not
been made in Troy, which is one of the most important Bronze Age centers in Western Anatolia. Especially the marble and ivory sword pommels, which were found in almost every period of the Troy excavations since Heinrich Schliemann’s excavations, were not evaluated as a whole, and also partially misinterpreted. Contrary to the previous examples, the pommel, found outside of the citadel during the 2019 Troy excavations indicates the widespread use of the aforementioned finds. From the 1871 Heinrich Schliemann excavations until the recent excavations, 21 sword pommels were found in Troy. Particularly, the semi-engraved pommel found in the excavations carried out by in 1988-2005 shows that one of the workshops where these swords were produced was probably in Troy. It seems unlikely that this semi-engraved sample, which stands out as a strong evidence of domestic production, was imported in its current form. The fact that this product is produced in Troy means that we have added a new one to the Mycenaean imitation products produced in Troy. Sword pommels were found quite a lot during excavations, existence of rich weapon production technology in Troy combined with the moat and strong walls shows that Troy could also have an important place in sword production. In this article, the hilt heads of the swords found in the Troy excavations were re-evaluated and interpreted.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Troy, Bronze Age, Metallurgy, Swords, Pommels

Kaynakça

• Akyurt, İ. M., MÖ 2. Binde Anadolu’da Ölü Gömme Adetleri, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
• Aslan-Bieg-Jablonka vd. 2003
• Aslan, R.-Bieg, G.-Jablonka, P.-Krönneck, P., “Die mittel- bis spätbronzezeitliche Besiedlung (TroiaVI und Troia VIIa) der Troas und der Gelibolu-Halbinsel. Ein Überblick”, Studia Troica, S. 13, Mainz am Rhein, 165-214.
• Aslan, R., “2019-2020 Yılı Troya Kazısı Sonuçları”, 42. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, C 4, Ankara, 103-112.
• Athanassov-Krauss-Slavčev 2012
• Athanassov, B.-Krauss, R.-Slavčev, V., “A Bronze Sword of the Aegean-Anatolian Type in the Museum of Varna, Bulgaria”, Ageo-Balkan Prehistory, https://aegeobalkanprehistory. kreas.ff.cuni.cz/2012/03/26/a-bronze-sword-of-the-aegean-anatolian-type-in-the-museum-of-varna-bulgaria/, son erişim tarihi: 13.04.2024.
• Bamyacı-Başaran Mutlu 2021
• Bamyacı, O.-Başaran Mutlu, M., “Tunç Çağı Kılıç Topuzları: Maydos Kilisetepe’den İki Miken Örneği”, Arkeoloji Dergisi, S. XXVI, 65-82.
• Basedow 2000
• Basedow, M., Beşik-Tepe: Das Spätbronzezeitliche Gräberfeld (Studia Troica Monographien), P. von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.
• Becks, R., “Bemerkungen zu den Bestattungsplatzen von Troia VI”, Mauerschau: Festschrift fur Manfred Korfmann, Remshalden, ed. R. Aslan-S. Blum-G. Kastl-F. Schweizer-D. Thumm, 1, 295-306.
• Becks, R., “Troia VI und VII: Stratigraphie, Architektur, Befunde”, Studia Troica Monographien 12, ed. E. Pernicka-C. B. Rose, Dr. Rudolf Habelt
• GmbH, Bonn. Benzi 2002
• Benzi, M., “Anatolia and the Eastern Aegean at the Time of the Trojan War”, Omero Tremila Anni Dopo [Storia e Letteratura: Raccolta di Studi e Testi 210], ed. F. Montanari-P. Ascheri, Roma, 343-404.
• Blegen-Caskey-Rawson-Sperling 1950
• Blegen, C. W.-Caskey, J. L.-Rawson, M.-Sperling, J., Troy I. General Introduction. The First and Second Settlements, Princeton.
• Blegen-Caskey-Rawson 1951
• Blegen, C. W.-Caskey, J. L.-Rawson, M., Troy II. The Third, Fourth, and Fifth Settlements, Princeton.
• Blegen-Caskey-Rawson 1953
• Blegen, C. W.-Caskey, J. L.-Rawson, M., Troy III. The Sixth Settlement, Princeton.
• Bonnet 1926
• Bonnet, H., Die Waffen der Völker des Alten Orients, J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig.
• Bouzek 1985
• Bouzek, J., The Aegean, Anatolia, and Europe: Cultural Interrelations in the Second Millennium B.C., Academia, Prague.
• Branigan 1967
• Branigan, K., “The Early Bronze Dagger of Crete”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 62, 211-239.
• Branigan 1999
• Branigan, K., “The Nature of Warfare in the Southern Aegean During the Third Millennium BC”, Polemos: Le Contexte guerrier en Égée à l’Âge du Bronze, Liège, Belgium: Université de Liège, Aegaeum 19, 87-96.
• Buchholz 1999
• Buchholz, H. G., Ugarit, Zypern und Ägäis, Kulturbeziehungen im zweiten Jahrtausend v. Chr., Münster.
• Cline, E. H., “Aššuwa and the Achaeans: The ‘Mycenaean’ Sword at Hattušas and Its Possible Implications”, Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 91, 137-151, http://www. jstor.org/stable/30102544
• D’Amato-Salimbeti 2013
• D’Amato, R.-Salimbeti, A., Early Aegean Warrior 5000-1450 BC, Osprey, Oxford.
• Dolfini-Crellin-Horn-Uckelmann 2018
• Dolfini, A.-Crellin, R. J.-Horn, C.-Uckelmann, M., “Interdisciplinary Approaches to Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Past, Present and Future”, Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Springer, New York, 1-18.
• Dörpfeld 1902
• Dörpfeld, W., Troja und Ilion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen in den vorhistorischen und historischen Schichten von Ilion 1870-1894, Athens.
• Easton-Hawkins 2002
• Easton, D. F.-Hawkins, J. D.-Sherratt, A. G.-Sherratt, E. S., “Troy in Recent Perspective”, Anatolian Studies, 52, 75-109.
• Genz, H., “Regional or International? Comments on the Origin and Development of Hittite Weapons and Military Technologies”, Innovation versus Beharrung. Was macht den Unterschied des hethitischen Reichs im Anatolien des 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr.?, Internationaler Workshopzu Ehren von Jürgen Seeher, 23-24th of May, 2014, ed. A. Schachner, Byzas 23, İstanbul, 85-103.
• Gernez, G., L’armement en métal au Proche et Moyen-Orient: Des origines à 1750 av. J.-C., Unpublished Dissertation, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne. Paris.
• Graziadio 1991
• Graziadio, G. “The Process of Social Stratification at Mycenae in the Shaft Grave Period:A Comparative Examination of the Evidence”, American Journal of Archaeology, 95/3, 403-440.
• Gür, B. “Miken Buluntulu Batı Anadolu Mezarlarının Tanımlanmasına Yönelik Öneriler”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat, 142, 1-22.
• Güterbock 1986
• Güterbock, H. G., “Troy in Hittite Texts? Wilusa, Ahhiyawa, and Hittite History”, Troy and the Trojan War: A Symposium Held at Bryn Mawr College, October 1984, ed. M. J. Mellink, Bryn Mawr, 35, 39-40.
• Hänsel, B., “Bronzene Griffzungenschwerter aus Bulgarien”, Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 45, 26-41.
• Hänsel, B., “Eine datierte Rapierklinge mykenischen Typs von der unteren Donau” Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 48, 200-206.
• Hänsel, B., “Troia im Tausch- und Handelsverkehr der Ägäis oder Troia ein Handelsplatz?: Der neue Streit um Troia”, Historische Bibliographie, 105-119, Online, https://www.degruyter. com/database/HBOL/entry/hb.23013901/html, son erişim tarihi: 26.04.2024.
• Hänsel, A., “Die Metallfunde aus den bronzezeitlichen Siedlungsschichten”, Heinrich Schliemanns Sammlung trojanischer Altertümer-Neuvorlage, Bd. 2, ed. M. Wemhoff, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, 129-204.
• Hansen, O., “A Mycenaean sword from BoğazköyHattusa found in 1991”, BSA, 89, 213-215
• Harding 2011
• Harding, A., “Prestige Swords of the Bronze Age”, Exotica in the Prehistoric Mediterranean, ed. A. Vianello, Oxbow Books, 194-198.
• Harell 2014
• Harell, K., “The Fallen and Their Swords: A New Explanation for the Rise of the Shaft Graves”, American Journal of Archaeology, 118/1, 3-17
• Harmankaya 1995
• Harmankaya, S., “Kozman Deresi Mevkii (Şarköy, Tekirdağ) Maden Buluntuları”, Halet Çambel İçin Prehistorya Yazıları, Graphis Yayınları, İstanbul, 217-254. Hermann-Dolfini-Crellin vd. 2020
• Hermann, R.-Dolfini, A.-Crellin, R. J.-Wang, Q.-Uckelmann, M., “Bronze Age Swordsmanship: New Insights from Experiments and Wear Analysis”, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 27, 1040-1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-020-09451-0
• Horn-Kristiansen 2018
• Horn, C.-Kristiansen, K., Warfare in Bronze Age Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Karo, G., Die Schachtgräber von Mykenai, F. Bruckmann, Munich.
• Kellenbarger 2018
• Kellenbarger, T. J., The Art of War: The Creation of the Type A and B Sword During the Aegean Bronze Age, A Thesis Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board, In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts.
• Keskin 2019
• Keskin, H. L., “Kılıçini Mağarası (Antalya) Buluntusu Işığında MÖ 3. Binyıl Sonuna Ka-dar Anadolu Kılıçlarının Gelişimi: Tipolojik ve Fonksiyonel Bir Analiz”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, XXXVIII 65, 83-102.
• Korfmann 1994
• Korfmann, M., “Troia-Ausgrabungen 1993”, Studia Troica, 4, Mainz am Rhein, 1-50.
• Korfmann 1995
• Korfmann, M., “Troia-Ausgrabungen 1994”, Studia Troica, 5, Mainz am Rhein, 1-38.
• Korfmann 1996
• Korfmann, M., “Troia-Ausgrabungen 1995”, Studia Troica, 6, Mainz am Rhein, 1-63.
• Korfmann 2001a
• Korfmann, M., “Troia: Düş ve Gerçek Konuya Giriş”, Düş ve Gerçek: Troia, ed. J. Latacz, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul, 4-22.
• Korfmann 2001b
• Korfmann, M., “Wilusa/(W)llios Yaklaşık M.Ö. 1200’1er llion Yaklaşık M.Ö. 700’1er, Arkeoljik Raporlar”, Düş ve Gerçek: Troia, ed. J. Latacz, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul, 64-78.
• Korfmann 2001c
• Korfmann, M., “Tarih Öncesi Yerleşim Yeri, Hisarlık Tepesi: En Alttan Üste Doğru Troia’nın On Kenti”, Düş ve Gerçek: Troia, ed. J. Latacz, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul, 347-354. Korfmann 2001d
• Korfmann, M., “Troia M.Ö. 2. ve 3. Binyılda Ticaretin Kesişme Noktası”, Düş ve Gerçek: Troia, ed. J. Latacz, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul, 355-368.
• Korfmann 2001e
• Korfmann, M., “Yüksek Troia Kültürü (Troia VI ve Vlla) Bir Anadolu Kültürü”, Düş ve Gerçek: Troia, ed. J. Latacz, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul, 395-406.
• Korfmann-Zidarov 2006
• Korfmann, M. O.-Zidarov P., “Trensenknebel in Troia”, Grundlegungen Beitrage zur europaischen und afrikanischen Archaologie für Manfred K. H. Eggert, ed. H. P. Wotzka, J. Bofinger, Francke Verlag, Marburg, 678-690.
• Kosak, S., Hittite inventory texts (CTH 241- 250), Texte der Hethiter 10, Heidelberg.
• Kristiansen 2002
• Kristiansen, K., “The Tale Of The Sword-Swords And Swordfighters In Bronze Age Europe”, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 21/4, 319-332.
• Kristiansen-Larsson 2005
• Kristiansen, K.-Larsson, T., The Rise of Bronze Age Society. Travels, Transmissions and Transformations, University Press, Cambridge.
• Latacz 2002
• Latacz, J., “Troia-Wilios-Wilusa: Drei Namen tür ein Territorium”, Mauerschau: Festschrift Für Manfred Korfmann, ed. R. Aslan- S. Blum-G. Kastl-F. Schweizer-D. Thumm, Verlag Bernhard Albert Greiner, Band 3, s. 1102-1122.
• Lülleci 2007
• Lülleci, U., Troia Antik Limanı’nın Tunç Çağı Deniz Ticaretindeki Önemi, (Yayınlanmamış Yük-sek Lisans Tezi), Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
• Mee, C., “Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age”, The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium, Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, University of Cincinnati, 18-20 April 1997, ed. E. H. Cline-D. H. Cline, Aegaeum 18. Liège & Austin: Université de Liège and the University of Texas-Austin, 137-146.
• Mellaart-Murray 1995
• Mellaart, J.- Murray, A. N. N., Beycesultan 3.2. Late Bronze Age and Phrygian Pottery and Middle and Late Bronze Age Small Objects, London.
• Molloy 2010
• Molloy, B., “Swords and Swordsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age”, American Journal of Archaeology, 114 (3), 403-428.
• Molloy 2012
• Molloy, B., “Martial Minoans? War As Social Process, Practice and Event in Bronze, Age Crete”, The Annual of the British School of Athens, 107, 87-142.
• Molloy 2017
• Molloy, B. P., “Hunting Warriors: The Transformation of Weapons, Combat Practices and Society During the Bronze Age in Ireland”, European Journal of Archaeology, 20 (2), 280-316.
• Mountjoy 1998
• Mountjoy, P. A., “The East Aegean- West Anatolian Interface in the Late Bronze Age: Mycenaeans and the Kingdom of Ahhiyawa”, AnSt, 48, 33-67.
• Müller Karpe 1994
• Müller Karpe, A., Altanatolisches Metallhandwerk, Neumünster: Wachholtz.
• Nakou, G., “The Cutting Edge: A New Look at Early Aegean Metallurgy”, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 8/2, 1-32.
• Neustupny 1998
• Neustupny, E., “Structures and events: the theoretical basis of spatial archaeology”, Space in Prehistoric Bohemia, ed. E. Neustupny, Praha: Institute of Archaeology, Prague, 9-44.
• Özgüç, T., Öntarihte Anadolu’da Ölü Gömme Adetleri, Ankara.
• Pernicka 2001
• Pernicka, E., “Metaller Yeni Bir Çığır Açıyor Tunç, Demir ve Gümüş”, Düş ve Gerçek: Troia, ed. J. Latacz, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul, 369-372.
• Pieniazek 2020
• Pieniazek, M., “Funde aus geschliffenem Stein”, Troia 1987-2012: Grabungen und Forschungen İİİ. Troia VI bis Troia VII: Ausgehende mittlere und späte Bronzezeit, ed. P. Pavúk-D. Thumm Doğrayan-E. Pernicka, Studia Troica Monographien 7, Dr. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn, 844-937.
• Renfrew 1967
• Renfrew, C., “Cycladic Metallurgy and the Early Aegean Bronze Age.” American Journal of Archaeology, 71/1, 1-20.
• Rohaček 2018
• Rohaček, M., “A Marriage of the Aegean and the Orient, Bronzes of the Siana Group Reconsidered”, Studia Hercynia, XXII/2, 52-82.
• Salimbeti 2022
• Salimbeti, A., http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/weapons1.htm, son erişim tarihi: 16.05.2022.
• Sandars 1955
• Sandars, N. K., “The Antiquity of the One-edged Bronze Knife in the Aegean”, The Prehistoric Society, 20, 174-197.
• Sandars 1961
• Sandars, N. K., “The First Aegean Swords and their Ancestry”, American Journal of Archaeology, 65, 17-29.
• Sandars 1963
• Sandars, N. K., “Later Aegean Bronze Swords”, American Journal of Archaeology, 67, 117-153.
• Sazcı, G., Troia Hazineleri, Aygaz Yayınevi, İstanbul.
• Schmidt 1902
• Schmidt, H., Heinrich Schliemann Sammlung Trojanischer Altertümer, Georg Reimer, Berlin.
• Schliemann 1874
• Schliemann, H., Atlas Trojanischer Alterthümer, F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig.
• Schliemann 1881
• Schliemann, H., Ilios: Standt und Land der Trojaner, F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig.
• Schliemann 1884
• Schliemann, H., Troja. Ergebnisse Meiner Neuesten Ausgrabungen, F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig.
• Semenenko 2019
• Semenenko, A. A., “The Absence of the Sword From Rigveda and Atharvaveda and the Problem of Indo-Aryans’ Origin”, Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research, 1/3, 83-96.
• Starke 2002
• Starke, F., “Milattan Önce İkinci Bin Yılın Güç Dengesi İçinde Troia: Wilusa Ülkesinin Tarihi”, Düş ve Gerçek: Troia, ed. J. Latacz, Homer Kitabevi, Ankara, 34-45.
• Tzachili 2008
• Tzachili, I., “Aegean Metallurgy in the Bronze Age: Recent Developments”, Aegean Metallurgy in the Bronze Age, Ta Pragmata, Athens, 7-34.
• Ünal-Ertekin-Ediz 1991
• Ünal, A.-Ertekin, A.-Ediz, I., “1991’de Boğazköy-Hattuşa’da Bulunan Hitit Kılıcı ve Üzerindeki Akadca Adak Yazıtı-The Hittite Sword from Boğazköy-Hattusa, Found in 1991 and its Akkadian Inscription”, Müze/Musuem, 4, 46-52.
• Ünal, A., “A Hitite Mycenaean Type B Sword from the Vicinity of Kastamonu, Northwest Turkey”, Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan, XI, 207-226.
• Walkins 1986
• Walkins, C., “The language of the Trojans”, Troy and the Trojan War: A Symposium Held at Bryn Mawr College, October 1984, ed. M. J. Mellink, Bryn Mawr, 45-62.
• Vandkilde 2013
• Vandkilde, H., “Warfare in Northern European Bronze Age Societies. Twentieth Century Presentations and Recent Archaeological Research İnquiries”, The Archaeology of Violence. Interdisciplinary Approaches, ed. S. Ralph, Albany: State University of New York Press, 37-62.
• Yalçıklı 2006
• Yalçıklı, D., “Zwei Bronzeschwerter aus Westanatolien”. Istanbuler Mitteilungen, 56, 29-41.
• Yener, K. A., “Swords, Armor, and Figurines”, BibAr, 58 (2), 101-107.
• Zöldföldi 2011
• Zöldföldi, J., 5000 Years Marble History in Troia and the Troad, Petroarchaeological Study on the Provenance of White Marbles in West Anatolia, (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis), Eberhard Karls Universitä Tübingen, Tübingen.