Geç Tunç-Demir Çağı Geçişinde Mukiş Krallığı’nın Başkenti Alalah’ta Yerel Dinamikler

Öz

Bu makalede, Hatay ilinin Amik Ovası’nda, Asi Nehri kenarında yer alan Aççana Höyük/Eski Alalah kentinde yürütülen yeni arkeolojik araştırmalar ekseninde, Geç Tunç Çağı’nın sonu ile Demir Çağı’na geçiş sürecinde, Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz koridoru üzerinde yaşanan yönetimsel ve sosyal değişimlere bölgesel bir bakış açısı sunulmuştur. Bu dönem aralığı, Anadolu arkeolojisi özelinde Hitit İmparatorluğu’nun çöküşü ve sonrasında yaşananları tanımlamaya yönelik araştırma sorularına odaklanırken, Doğu Akdeniz arkeolojik araştırmaları ise uzun yıllardır materyal kültür üzerinden insan hareketliliği ve göç kavramlarını tartışmaktadır. Aççana Höyük’te 1930’lu yıllarda “Tapınak Sondajı” olarak tanımlanan ve kentin dinsel nitelikli yapılarına ait tabakalaşmanın açığa çıkarıldığı alanın yakınına yerleştirilen yeni kazı sahasında tanımlanan bağlamlar üzerinden, Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz kültürlerinin kesiştiği tampon bir bölgede imparatorluk politikalarının gündelik yaşam, zanaat endüstrileri, idari yönetim pratikleri, kült ve sosyal statü gibi kavramlar üzerindeki etkisi ve ilişkisi irdelenmiştir. Geç Tunç Çağı’ndan Erken Demir Çağı’na geçişi tanımlayan seramik grupları, yerel üretim dinamiklerinde büyük ölçüde devamlılığa işaret ederken, alanın kült kimliğiyle ilişkili metal ve fildişi buluntu grupları, sosyal statü ve prestij nesneleri olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Hitit İmparatorluğu için tampon bölge niteliği taşıyan Amik Ovası’nın, Tunç Çağı’nın sonunda yaşanan sistem çöküşüne verdiği yerel tepkiler ise silindir mühür ve bullalardan oluşan yeni epigrafik buluntular ışığında değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Amik Ovası
• Aççana Höyük
• Alalah
• Mukiş Krallığı
• Geç Tunç Çağı
• Erken Demir Çağı

Local Dynamics during the Late Bronze-Iron Age Transition at Alalakh, the Capital City of the Kingdom of Mukish

Öz

In this article, a regional perspective regarding the administrative and social changes witnessed in Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the transition to the Iron Age is presented based on the recent results of the new archaeological research conducted at Tell Atchana, Alalah, located on the major branch of the Orontes River in the Amuq Valley (Hatay, Türkiye). For this particular time period, the main focus has been the collapse of the Hittite Empire and its aftermath in Anatolian archaeology, whereas for decades, Levantine Archaeology has been occupied with the discussion of mobility and long-distance migrations. Through recently excavated contexts located close to the “Temple Sounding” at Tell Atchana, where a series of temples were excavated in the 1930’s, several research questions regarding the impacts of imperial policies on daily life practices, craft industries, administration, cult and social status are explored. The ceramic assemblages defining the transition from Late Bronze to Early Iron Age showed continuity in most of the cases. The metal and ivory objects in relation to the cultic nature of the area were regarded as objects of social status and prestige. As a borderland for the Hittite Empire, the local responses given to the system collapse observed at the end of the Late Bronze Age is evaluated under the light of epigraphic material in the form of cylinder seals and bullae.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Amuq Valley
• Tell Atchana
• Alalakh
• Kingdom of Mukish
• Late Bronze Age
• Early Iron Age

Kaynakça

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