Nezaketsiz Davranış, Sosyal Kimlik ve Schadenfreude İlişkisi: Hak Etme ve Duyguların Rolü

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı sosyal kimlik ve nezaketsiz davranışın schadenfreude üzerindeki etkilerinin ve bu etkilerde hak etme algısının ve duyguların aracı rolünün belirlenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 254 üniversite öğrencisi ile sosyal kimlik ve nezaketsiz davranış manipüle edilerek 2(nezaketsiz davranış: var veya yok) x 2 (sosyal kimlik: dış-grup var veya dış-grup yok) yarı deneysel desende bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın koşullarından birine atanan katılımcılar, bir hedef kişinin nezaketsiz davranışta bulunmasının ve sosyal kimliğinin değişimlendiği hikâyenin ilk bölümünü okuduktan temel duyguları ne kadar hissettiklerini puanlandırmışlardır. Hedef kişinin talihsizliğine ilişkin öykü sunulduktan sonra ise sırayla hak etme algısına yönelik form, schadenfreude ölçeğini doldurmuşlardır. Nezaketsiz davranışın ve sosyal kimliğin schadenfreude üzerinde etkisinin olduğu ve nezaketsizliğe maruz kalanların daha fazla schadenfreude hissettiği bulunmuştur. Nezaketsiz davranış ve schadenfreude ilişkisinde hak etme algısının ve öfkenin aracı rolü olduğu bulunmuştur. Sosyal kimliğin schadenfreude üzerindeki temel etkisi anlamlı bulunmuştur. Dış-gup koşulunda olan katılımcıların dış grubun olmadığı katılımcılara kıyasla daha fazla schadenfreude hissettiği bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular güncel literatür ışığında tartışılmış ileri çalışmalara öneriler getirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• olumsuz sosyal davranış
• gruplar arası ilişkiler
• schadenfreude
• hak etme

The Relationship Between Uncivil Behaviour, Social Identity and Schadenfreude: The Role of Deservingness and Emotions

Öz

The aim of the study is to determine the effects of social identity and incivil behaviour on schadenfreude and mediating role of emotions and deservingness in these effects. For this purpose, 2 (uncivil behaviour: absent or present) x 2 (social identity: out-group absent or out-group present) quasi-experimental study was conducted with 254 university students by manipulating social identity and incivility. Participants assigned to one of the conditions of the study rated how much they felt the basic emotions after reading the first part of the story in which a target person's uncivil behavior and social identity were changed. After reading the story about the target person's misfortune, they filled in the form for perception of deservingness and the schadenfreude scale. It was found that uncivil behavior and social identity had an effect on schadenfreude and those who were exposed to uncivil behaviour more schadenfreude. In the relationship between incivility and schadenfreude, it was found that angry and deservingness has a mediating role. The main effect of social identity on schadenfreude was found to be significant. Participants in the out-group condition were found to feel more schadenfreude than participants without an out-group. The findings were discussed in the light of current literature and suggestions for further studies were made.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• negative social behaviour
• intergroup relations
• schadenfreude
• deservingness

Kaynakça

1. Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24, 452–471. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.2202131
2. Barlett, C. P., & Meier, B. P. (2023). Schadenfreude in the context of opposing vaccination statuses. European Journal of Social Psychology, 53(7), 1593-1604. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2998
3. Barron, A. C., Woodyatt, L., Thomas, E. F., Loh, J. E. K., & Dunning, K. (2023). Doing good or feeling good? Justice concerns predict online SHaming via deservingness and schadenfreude. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 11, 100317. DOI:10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100317.
4. Berndsen, M., & Tiggemann, M. (2020). Multiple versus single immoral acts: An immoral person evokes more schadenfreude than an immoral action. Motivation and Emotion, 44(5), 738-754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-020-09843-5
5. Boecker, L. (2021). One group’s pain is another group’s pleasure: Examining schadenfreude in response to failures of football teams during the World Cup 2018. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 56, 101992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101992
6. Brambilla, M., & Riva, P. (2017). Predicting pleasure at others’ misfortune: Morality trumps sociability and competence in driving deservingness and schadenfreude. Motivation and Emotion, 41(2), 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-016-9594-2
7. Chapman, H. A., & Anderson, A. K. (2014). Trait physical disgust is related to moral judgments outside of the purity domain. Emotion, 14(2), 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035120
8. Cikara, M. (2015). Intergroup Schadenfreude: Motivating participation in collective violence. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.12.007

9. Cikara, M., Bruneau, E., Van Bavel, J. J., & Saxe, R. (2014). Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.06.007
10. Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2011). Bounded Empathy: Neural Responses to Outgroup Targets’ (Mis)fortunes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(12), 3791-3803. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00069
11. Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). Stereotypes and Schadenfreude: Affective and Physiological Markers of Pleasure at Outgroup Misfortunes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611409245
12. Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Their pain, our pleasure: Stereotype content and schadenfreude. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1299(1), 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12179
13. Combs, D. J. Y., Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., & Smith, R. H. (2009). Politics, schadenfreude, and ingroup identification: The sometimes happy thing about a poor economy and death. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 635-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009
14. Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 64–80. DOI:10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64.
15. Feather, N. T. (2006). Deservingness and emotions: Applying the structural model of deservingness to the analysis of affective reactions to outcomes. European Review of Social Psychology, 17(1), 38-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280600662321
16. Feather, N. T., & Mckee, I. R. (2014). Deservingness, liking relations, schadenfreude, and other discrete emotions in the context of the outcomes of plagiarism. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(1), 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12030
17. Freedman, S., & Vreven, D. (2016). Workplace Incivility and Bullying in the Library: Perception or Reality? College & Research Libraries, 77(6), 727-748. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.77.6.727
18. Gervais, B. T. (2015). Incivility Online: Affective and Behavioral Reactions to Uncivil Political Posts in a Web-based Experiment. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 12(2), 167-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.997416
19. Giner-Sorolla, R., & Espinosa, P. (2011). Social Cuing of Guilt by Anger and of Shame by Disgust. Psychological Science, 22(1), 49-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610392925
20. Greenier, K. D. (2021). The Roles of Disliking, Deservingness, and Envy in Predicting Schadenfreude. Psychological Reports, 124(3), 1220-1236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120921358
21. Hareli, S., & Weiner, B. (2002). Dislike and envy as antecedents of pleasure at another's misfortune. Motivation and Emotion, 26(4), 257-277. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022818803399.
22. Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications
23. Heerdink, M. W., Koning, L. F., Van Doorn, E. A., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2019). Emotions as guardians of group norms: Expressions of anger and disgust drive inferences about autonomy and purity violations. Cognition and Emotion, 33(3), 563-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1476324
24. Holm, K., Torkelson, E., ve Bäckström, M. (2021). Longitudinal outcomes of witnessed workplace incivility: A
25. Hoogland, C. E., Ryan Schurtz, D., Cooper, C. M., Combs, D. J. Y., Brown, E. G., & Smith, R. H. (2015). The joy of pain and the pain of joy: In-group identification predicts schadenfreude and gluckschmerz following rival groups’ fortunes. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 260-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9447-9
26. Inbar, Y., ve Pizarro, D. A. (2022). How disgust affects social judgments. In Advances in Experimental Social
27. James, S., Kavanagh, P. S., Jonason, P. K., Chonody, J. M., & Scrutton, H. E. (2014). The Dark Triad, schadenfreude, and sensational interests: Dark personalities, dark emotions, and dark behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.020
28. Kim, Y. (2023). Shame on you! How incivility and absence of supporting evidence in likeminded Facebook comments influence evaluations of ingroup members and online political participation. Online Information Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-12-2021-0650
29. Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2017). Group-based emotion in group processes and intergroup relations. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(5), 658-668. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217702725
30. Moisuc, A., Brauer, M., Fonseca, A., Chaurand, N., & Greitemeyer, T. (2018). Individual differences in social control: Who ‘speaks up’ when witnessing uncivil, discriminatory, and immoral behaviours? British Journal of Social Psychology, 57(3), 524-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12246
31. Ouyang, K., Lam, W., & Wang, W. (2015). Roles of gender and identification on abusive supervision and proactive behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(3), 671-691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-015-9410-7
32. Ouwerkerk, J. W., Van Dijk, W. W., Vonkeman, C. C., & Spears, R. (2018). When we enjoy bad news about other groups: A social identity approach to out-group schadenfreude. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 21(1), 214-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216663018
33. Pehlivan, N. (2023). Nezaketsiz davranışın özelliğinin, kaynağının ve hedefinin affetme davranışı üzerindeki etkisi: duygular ve bilişlerin aracı rolü [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi
34. Phillips, T., & Smith, P. (2004). Emotional and behavioural responses to everyday incivility: Challenging the fear/avoidance paradigm. Journal of Sociology, 40(4), 378-399. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783304048382
35. Porath, C. L., Overbeck, J. R., & Pearson, C. M. (2008). Picking Up the Gauntlet: How Individuals Respond to Status Challenges. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(7), 1945-1980. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00375.x
36. Powell, C. A. J., & Smith, R. H. (2013). Schadenfreude Caused by the Exposure of Hypocrisy in Others. Self and Identity, 12(4), 413-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2012.687013
37. Rösner, L., Winter, S., & Krämer, N. C. (2016). Dangerous minds? Effects of uncivil online comments on aggressive cognitions, emotions, and behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 461-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.022
38. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161-1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
39. Sevinçli, M. C., & Abayhan, Y. (2023). Başarının, Grup Üyeliğinin ve Güvenilir Olmanın Kıskançlık, Hakçalık ve Başkasının Üzüntüsüne Sevinme Üzerindeki Etkisi. Humanistic Perspective, 5(3), 998-1025. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1193661
40. Skarlicki, D. P., Hoegg, J., Aquino, K., & Nadisic, T. (2013). Does injustice affect your sense of taste and smell? The mediating role of moral disgust. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(5), 852-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.011
41. Smith, E. R. (1993). Social Identity and Social Emotions: Toward New Conceptualizations of Prejudice. Içinde Affect, Cognition and Stereotyping (ss. 297-315). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-088579-7.50017-X
42. Stamper, C. L., & Masterson, S. S. (2002). Insider or outsider? How employee perceptions of insider status affect their work behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(8), 875-894. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.175
43. Sun, B., Huang, T., Wu, Y., & Fan, L. (2024). Your Pain Pleases Others: The Influence of Social Interaction Patterns and Group Identity on Schadenfreude. Behavioral Sciences, 14(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020079
44. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33(1), 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245
45. Van De Ven, N., Hoogland, C. E., Smith, R. H., Van Dijk, W. W., Breugelmans, S. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). When envy leads to schadenfreude. Cognition and Emotion, 29(6), 1007-1025. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.961903
46. Van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J. W., Smith, R. H., & Cikara, M. (2015). The role of self-evaluation and envy in schadenfreude. European Review of Social Psychology, 26(1), 247-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2015.1111600
47. Van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J. W., Wesseling, Y. M., & Van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2011). Towards understanding pleasure at the misfortunes of others: The impact of self-evaluation threat on schadenfreude. Cognition & Emotion, 25(2), 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.487365.
48. Van Dijk, W. W. & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (Ed.). (2014). Schadenfreude: Understanding pleasure at the misfortune of others. Cambridge University Press.
49. Van Dijk, W. W., Van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Wesseling, Y. M. (2011). Self-esteem, self-affirmation, and schadenfreude. Emotion, 11(6), 1445-1449. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026331
50. Van De Ven, N., Hoogland, C. E., Smith, R. H., Van Dijk, W. W., Breugelmans, S. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). When envy leads to schadenfreude. Cognition and Emotion, 29(6), 1007-1025. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.961903
51. Wang, S., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Rochat, P. (2019). Schadenfreude deconstructed and reconstructed: A tripartite motivational model. New Ideas in Psychology, 52, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.09.002
52. Wang, X., Peng, Y., Xu, X., Arenare, E., ve Zhang, W. (2023). The Effect of Coworker Incivility on Knowledge
53. Watanabe, S., Weiner, D. S., & Laurent, S. M. (2022). Schadenfreude for undeserved misfortunes: The unexpected consequences of endorsing a strong belief in a just world. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 101, 104336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104336
54. Wei, L., & Liu, B. (2020). Reactions to others’ misfortune on social media: Effects of homophily and publicness on schadenfreude, empathy, and perceived deservingness. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.002
55. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1–74
56. Yao, J., Lim, S., Guo, C. Y., Ou, A. Y., & Ng, J. W. X. (2022). Experienced incivility in the workplace: A meta-analytical review of its construct validity and nomological network. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(2), 193-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000870
57. Yam, P. (2017). The social functions of intergroup schadenfreude (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford).
58. Yeniay, Y. (2012). Sosyal kimlik ile algılayan ve algılananın cinsiyetinin başkasının üzüntüsüne sevinme eğilimi üzerindeki etkileri [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi
59. Zhan, X., Li, Z., & Luo, W. (2019). An identification‐based model of workplace incivility and employee creativity: Evidence from China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 57(4), 528-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12204
60. Zimmerman, A. G., & Ybarra, G. J. (2016). Online aggression: The influences of anonymity and social modeling. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(2), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000038