İngiliz Okulu Perspektifinden Orta Asya Analizi

Öz

Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasından sonra Orta Asya, Avrasya’da bir uluslararası alt-sistem olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Orta Asya ile ilgili çalışmaların birçoğu bölgeyi büyük güçler arasındaki politik ve ekonomik mücadelede yalnızca bir paylaşım sahası olarak değerlendirmektedir. Bu durum, bölgenin iç siyasal dinamiklerinin genellikle göz ardı edilmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışma, İngiliz Okulu perspektifinden Orta Asya analizinin, bölgede var olduğuna inanılan gerçeklikten çok daha fazlasını ortaya koyacağını öne sürmektedir. Zira günümüzde Orta Asya’nın; küresel ve yerel işbirliklerinin, bölgenin kendine özgü dinamiklerini yansıtan kurumlar aracılığıyla belirgin hale geldiği bölgesel bir uluslararası toplumu temsil ettiği genel kabul görmektedir. Bu araştırma, Orta Asya’da uluslararası politikayı İngiliz Okulu bağlamında incelemek için daha tikel ve aktörlerin gözlemlerine dayalı bir okuma önerirken aynı zamanda bu yaklaşımın kapsamını örneklem üzerinde, bölgesel seviyedeki uluslararası toplum üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir gündemi öne çıkararak genişletmeyi hedeflemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İngiliz Okulu
• Uluslararası Toplum
• Orta Asya

Central Asian Analysis from the Perspective of the English School

Öz

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asia emerged as an international sub-system in Eurasia. Most of the studies on Central Asia consider the region only as a sharing area in the political and economic struggle between the great powers. This situation causes the internal political dynamics of the region to be generally ignored. This study argues that the analysis of Central Asia from the perspective of the English School will reveal much more than the reality believed to exist in the region. Because today, Central Asia; It is generally accepted that it represents a regional international community in which global and local collaborations become evident through institutions that reflect the unique dynamics of the region. While this research proposes a more particular and actor-based reading to examine international politics in Central Asia in the context of the English School, it also aims to broaden the scope of this approach by highlighting a comparative agenda on international society at the regional level, on the sample.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• English School
• International Society
• Central Asia

Kaynakça

1. Acharya, Amitav. “How Ideas Spread.” International Organization, vol. 58, no. 1, 2004, ss. 239-275.
2. Akçalı, Pınar. “Nation-State Building in Central Asia: A lost Case?” Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, vol. 2, no. 3-4, 2003, ss. 409-429.
3. Allison, Roy. “Virtual Regionalism, Regional Structures and Regime Security in Central Asia.” Central Asian Survey, vol. 27, no. 2, 2008, ss. 185-202.
4. Ambrosio, Thomas. “Catching the ‘Shanghai Spirit’: How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia.” Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 60, no. 8, 2008, ss. 1321-1344.
5. Ayoob, Mohamed. “From Regional System to Regional Society: Exploring Key Variables in the Construction of Regional Order.” Australian Journal of International Affairs, vol. 53, no. 3, 1999, ss. 247-260.
6. Ba, Alice D. “Outside-in and Inside-out: Political Ideology, the English School and East Asia.” Contesting International Society in East Asia, ed. Barry Buzan and Yongjin Zhang, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
7. Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, 1977.
8. Buzan, Barry. From International to World Society?: English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation, Cambridge University Press, 2004.

9. Buzan, Barry ve Ana Gonzalez-Pelaez. International Society and the Middle East: English School Theory at the Regional Level, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
10. Buzan, Barry ve Ole Waever. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
11. Buzan, Barry ve Yongjin Zhang. “Conclusions: The Contest over East Asian International Society.” Contesting International Society in East Asia, ed. Barry Buzan ve Yongjin Zhang, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
12. Buzan, Barry ve Yongjin Zhang. Contesting International Society in East Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
13. Collins, Kathleen. “Economic and Security Regionalism among Patrimonial Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Central Asia.” Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 61, no. 2, 2009, ss. 249-281.
14. Cooley, Alexander. Great Games, Local Rules: The New Great Power Contest in Central Asia, Oxford University Press, 2012.
15. Costa-Buranelli, Filippo. “The English School and Regional International Societies: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections.” Regions in International Society - The English School at the Sub-Global Level, ed. Aleš Karmazin, Masaryk University Press, 2014.
16. Cummings, Sally N. “Introduction: Power and Change in Central Asia.” Power and Change in Central Asia, ed. Sally N. Cummings, Routledge, 2002.
17. Cummings, Sally N. Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformations, Routledge, 2012.
18. Dagiev, Dagikhudo. Regime Transition in Central Asia: Stateness, Nationalism and Political Change in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Routledge, 2013.
19. Gleason, Gregory. “Foreign Policy and Domestic Reform in Central Asia.” Central Asian Survey, vol. 20, no. 2, 2001, ss. 167-182.
20. Helmke, Gretchen ve Steven Levitsky. “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda.” Perspectives on Politics, vol. 2, no. 4, 2004, ss. 725-740.
21. Hurrell, Andrew. “Explaining the Resurgence of Regionalism in World Politics.” Review of International Studies, vol. 21, no. 4, 1995, ss. 331-358.
22. Jackson, Nicole J. “The Role of External Factors in Advancing Non-liberal Democratic Forms of Political Rule: A Case Study of Russia’s Influence on Central Asian Regimes.” Contemporary Politics, vol. 16, no. 1, 2010, ss. 101-118.
23. Kavalski, Emilian. Central Asia and the Rise of Normative Powers: Contextualizing the Security Governance of the European Union, China, and India, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012.
24. Kavalski, Emilian. “Whom to Follow? Central Asia between the EU and China.” China Report, vol. 43, no. 1, 2007, ss. 43-55.
25. Kavalski, Emilian. Stable Outside, Fragile Inside?: Post-Soviet Statehood in Central Asia, Ashgate, 2010.
26. Lake, David A. ve Patrick M. Morgan. Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World, Penn State University Press, 1997.
27. Lanteigne, Marc. “‘In Medias Res’: The Development of the Shanghai Co-operation Organization as a Security Community.” Pacific Affairs, 2006, ss. 605-622.
28. Laruelle, Marlene ve Sebastienne Peyrouse. Globalizing Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Challenges of Economic Development, ME Sharpe, 2013.
29. Lewis, David. “Who’s Socialising Whom? Regional Organisations and Contested Norms in Central Asia.” Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 64, no. 7, 2012, ss. 1219-1237.
30. Libman, Alexander ve Evgeny Vinokurov. “Is It Really Different? Patterns of Regionalisation in Post-Soviet Central Asia.” Post-Communist Economies, vol. 23, no. 4, 2011, ss. 469-492.
31. Megoran, Nick ve Sevara S. Sharapova. Central Asia in International Relations: The Legacies of Halford Mackinder, Hurst, 2013.
32. Merke, Federico. The Primary Institutions of the Latin American Regional Interstate Society, LSE Press, 2011.
33. Navari, Cornelia. Theorising International Society, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
34. Olcott, Martha Brill. Central Asia’s Second Chance, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.
35. Olcott, Martha Brill. “Rivalry and Competition in Central Asia.” Central Asia and the Caucasus: At the Crossroad of Eurasia in the 21st Century, ed. William Hermann ve Johannes F. Linn, Sage Publications, 2011.
36. Pomfret, Richard. “Regional Integration in Central Asia.” Economic Change and Restructuring, vol. 42, no. 1, 2009, ss. 47-68.
37. Razo, Armando. Dictatorships: Their Governance and Social Consequences, Princeton University Press, 2008.
38. Spechler, Martin C. “Regional Cooperation in Central Asia.” Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 49, no. 6, 2002, ss. 42-47.
39. Stivachtis, Yannis. “Civilization and International Society: The Case of European Union Expansion.” Contemporary Politics, vol. 14, no. 1, 2008, ss. 71-89.
40. Stivachtis, Yannis, “Civilizing the Post-Soviet/Socialist Space: An English School Approach to State Socialization in Europe: The Cases of NATO and the Council of Europe.” Perspectives, vol. 18, no. 2, 2010, ss. 5-32.
41. Stivachtis, Yannis. “The Regional Dimension of International Society.” Guide to the English School in International Studies, ed. Cornelia Navari ve Daniel Green, Wiley, 2014.
42. Wight, Martin. Systems of States, Leicester University Press, 1977.
43. Zakhirova, Leila. “Is There a Central Asia? State Visits and an Empirical Delineation of the Region Boundaries.” The Review of Regional Studies, vol. 42, no. 1, 2012, ss. 25-50.