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Emotions, care difficulties and ethical problems experienced by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 27 - 37, 27.01.2022

Öz

Protecting the health and safety of nurses and other health professionals taking an active role during the COVID-19 pandemic is important. Risks not understood by health professionals and inadequate working conditions cause concern and lead to ethical problems. This qualitative research study was conducted to gain an understanding of the difficulties and emotions nurses experience, and their awareness of the ethical problems experienced while providing nursing care in the COVID-19 clinic. Data was collected by two different methods; deep conversation and semi-structured interview and evaluated by content analysis. Using an empirical phenomenological approach, data analysis concluded with two main themes and eight sub-themes. The average age of the nurses is 32.8±6.7, 91.1% are female, 73.3% have a bachelor’s degree. Average weekly work hours before COVID-19 pandemic was 43.3± 4.6, after the pandemic 37.8± 5.5, 86.7% expressed that the care patients with COVID-19 received was adequate. The emotions experienced by the participants are positive, negative and ambivalent. During the COVID-19 outbreak, nurses were dominated by negative emotions intensified with the ethical issues surrounding the safety of patients, colleagues, families and themselves. Nurses primarily experience ethical problems related to their, patients’, colleagues’ and families’ safety. Positive emotions expressed by nurses; hopefulness, heroism, joy and success because of the patients’ recovery, respect and emotions of gratitude. Some of the difficulties experienced by the participants are difficulties in care due to protective gear worn, difficulty reaching the physician and communication problems. Different studies can be planned regarding the factors affecting healthcare professional-patient communication during the COVID-19 care and treatment process.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Chang D, Xu H, Rebaza A, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS. Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(3):13. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30066-7.
  • 2. Guidance for Managing Ethical Issues in Infectious Disease Outbreaks Spain: World Health Organization; 2016. 8-31 p.
  • 3. Frezza E. Medical Ethics: A Reference Guide for Guaranteeing Principled Care and Quality.1st Ed., CRC Press. 2018.
  • 4. Morley G, Grady C, Mccarthy J, Ulrich CM. Covid-19: Ethical challenges for nurses. Hastings Center Report, 2020;1-5.
  • 5. Turale S, Meechamnan C, Kunaviktikul W. Challenging times: ethics, nursing and the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Nurs Rev. 2020;67(2):164-7. doi: 10.1111/inr.12598.
  • 6. Sabatello M, Burke TB, McDonald KE, Appelbaum PS. Disability, ethics, and health care in the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(10):1523-7.doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305837.
  • 7. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Maryland. American Nurses Association, Silverspring.2015.1-62 p. Available: https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy.
  • 8. Gómez-Vírseda C, De Maeseneer Y, Gastmans C. Relational autonomy in end-of-life care ethics: a contextualized approach to real-life complexities. BMC Med Ethics. 2020;21(1):1-14. doi: 10.1186/s12910-020-00495-1.
  • 9. Sperling D. Ethical dilemmas, perceived risk, and motivation among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurs Ethics. 2020:0969733020956376. doi: 10.1177/0969733020956376.
  • 10. Adams JG, Walls RM. Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic. JAMA. 2020;12:1-2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3972.
  • 11. Boddy CR. Sample size for qualitative research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. 2016:19. doi: 10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053.
  • 12. Braun V, Clarke V. Novel insights into patients’ life-worlds: The value of qualitative research. Lancet Psy. 2019;6(9):720-21. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30296-2.
  • 13. Sun N, Wei L, Shi S, Jiao D, Song R, Ma L, et al. A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48(6);592-98. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.03.018.
  • 14. Que J, Le Shi JD, Liu J, Zhang L, Wu S, Gong Y, et al. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers: A cross-sectional study in China. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33(3). doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100259.
  • 15. Ji D, Ji YJ, Duan XZ, Li WG, Sun ZQ, Song XA, et al. Prevalence of psychological symptoms among Ebola survivors and healthcare workers during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study. Oncotarget. 2017;8(8):12784. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.14498.
  • 16. Liu Q, Dan L, Haase JE, Guo QH, Wang XQ, Liu S. The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: A qualitative study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8:790-98. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7.
  • 17. Leblebicioglu H, Nair-Aktas F. COVID-19 fighting with the Covid-19 outbreak: Intensive care nursing professional and personal ethics perspective. J Intensive Care Nurs. 2020;24(1): 73-80.
  • 18. Aliakbari F, Hammad K, Bahrami M, Aein F. Ethical and legal challenges associated with disaster nursing. Nurs Ethics. 2015;22:493-503. doi: 10.1177/0969733014534877.
  • 19. Bakewell F, Pauls MA, Migneault D. Ethical considerations of the duty to care and physician safety in the COVID-19 pandemic. CJEM. 2020;22(4):407-10. doi: 10.1017/cem.2020.376.
  • 20. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3): e203976-e203976. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
  • 21. Fraher EP, Pittman P, Frogner BK, Spetz J, Moore J, Beck AJ, et al. Ensuring and sustaining a pandemic workforce. NEJM. 2020;382(23):2181-83. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2006376.22.
  • 22. Kıraner E, Terzi B. Intensive care nursing in Covid-19 pandemic process. Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi. 2020; 24: 83-88.23.
  • 23. Shanafelt T, Ripp J, Trockel M. Understanding and addressing sources of anxiety among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. 2020;323:2133-34. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5893.24.
  • 24. Zhang M, Zhou M, Tang F, Wang Y, Nie H, Zhang L, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Henan, China. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020;105(2):183-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.012.25.
  • 25. Maben J, Bridges J. COVID-19: Supporting nurses’ psychological and mental health. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29: 2742-50. doi:10.1111/jocn.15307.
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 27 - 37, 27.01.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Chang D, Xu H, Rebaza A, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS. Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(3):13. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30066-7.
  • 2. Guidance for Managing Ethical Issues in Infectious Disease Outbreaks Spain: World Health Organization; 2016. 8-31 p.
  • 3. Frezza E. Medical Ethics: A Reference Guide for Guaranteeing Principled Care and Quality.1st Ed., CRC Press. 2018.
  • 4. Morley G, Grady C, Mccarthy J, Ulrich CM. Covid-19: Ethical challenges for nurses. Hastings Center Report, 2020;1-5.
  • 5. Turale S, Meechamnan C, Kunaviktikul W. Challenging times: ethics, nursing and the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Nurs Rev. 2020;67(2):164-7. doi: 10.1111/inr.12598.
  • 6. Sabatello M, Burke TB, McDonald KE, Appelbaum PS. Disability, ethics, and health care in the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(10):1523-7.doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305837.
  • 7. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Maryland. American Nurses Association, Silverspring.2015.1-62 p. Available: https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy.
  • 8. Gómez-Vírseda C, De Maeseneer Y, Gastmans C. Relational autonomy in end-of-life care ethics: a contextualized approach to real-life complexities. BMC Med Ethics. 2020;21(1):1-14. doi: 10.1186/s12910-020-00495-1.
  • 9. Sperling D. Ethical dilemmas, perceived risk, and motivation among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurs Ethics. 2020:0969733020956376. doi: 10.1177/0969733020956376.
  • 10. Adams JG, Walls RM. Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic. JAMA. 2020;12:1-2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3972.
  • 11. Boddy CR. Sample size for qualitative research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. 2016:19. doi: 10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053.
  • 12. Braun V, Clarke V. Novel insights into patients’ life-worlds: The value of qualitative research. Lancet Psy. 2019;6(9):720-21. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30296-2.
  • 13. Sun N, Wei L, Shi S, Jiao D, Song R, Ma L, et al. A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48(6);592-98. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.03.018.
  • 14. Que J, Le Shi JD, Liu J, Zhang L, Wu S, Gong Y, et al. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers: A cross-sectional study in China. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33(3). doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100259.
  • 15. Ji D, Ji YJ, Duan XZ, Li WG, Sun ZQ, Song XA, et al. Prevalence of psychological symptoms among Ebola survivors and healthcare workers during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study. Oncotarget. 2017;8(8):12784. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.14498.
  • 16. Liu Q, Dan L, Haase JE, Guo QH, Wang XQ, Liu S. The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: A qualitative study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8:790-98. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30204-7.
  • 17. Leblebicioglu H, Nair-Aktas F. COVID-19 fighting with the Covid-19 outbreak: Intensive care nursing professional and personal ethics perspective. J Intensive Care Nurs. 2020;24(1): 73-80.
  • 18. Aliakbari F, Hammad K, Bahrami M, Aein F. Ethical and legal challenges associated with disaster nursing. Nurs Ethics. 2015;22:493-503. doi: 10.1177/0969733014534877.
  • 19. Bakewell F, Pauls MA, Migneault D. Ethical considerations of the duty to care and physician safety in the COVID-19 pandemic. CJEM. 2020;22(4):407-10. doi: 10.1017/cem.2020.376.
  • 20. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3): e203976-e203976. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
  • 21. Fraher EP, Pittman P, Frogner BK, Spetz J, Moore J, Beck AJ, et al. Ensuring and sustaining a pandemic workforce. NEJM. 2020;382(23):2181-83. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2006376.22.
  • 22. Kıraner E, Terzi B. Intensive care nursing in Covid-19 pandemic process. Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi. 2020; 24: 83-88.23.
  • 23. Shanafelt T, Ripp J, Trockel M. Understanding and addressing sources of anxiety among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. 2020;323:2133-34. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5893.24.
  • 24. Zhang M, Zhou M, Tang F, Wang Y, Nie H, Zhang L, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Henan, China. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020;105(2):183-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.012.25.
  • 25. Maben J, Bridges J. COVID-19: Supporting nurses’ psychological and mental health. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29: 2742-50. doi:10.1111/jocn.15307.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Original Articles
Yazarlar

Meryem Türkan Işık Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4091-8583

Rana Can Özdemir Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0655-4736

Elif Karadeniz Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-9495-9217

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Işık MT, Can Özdemir R, Karadeniz E. Emotions, care difficulties and ethical problems experienced by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Health Sci. Q. 2022;2(1):27-3.