The effect of processing factors on detection of genetically modified soy in flour by ELISA assay

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 57 - 60, 31.08.2018

Özge Özgen Arun , Funda Yılmaz Eker , Karlo Muratoğlu

https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.428525

Öz

Genetic modification (GM) techniques have been an important research area of food and feed industry since the 19th century. There is a strong consumer concern over genetically modified organisms (GMOs) because of their potential risks on health and environment. For this purpose, various countries including Turkey have released labelling regulations for products derived from GMOs. These legal enforcements brought the necessity for reliable detection methods. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of processing on the detection possibility of GMOs by using a commercial Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) assay. For this, flour mixtures containing 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 100% were prepared by mixing the appropriate amount of RUR-GM and non GM standard soy flour and main processing techniques most used in the food industry (baking, autoclaving and freezing) were applied. According to our results, the detection of GMOs was possible at all concentrations of autoclaved and frozen samples. In dry heated samples, GMOs could not be detected containing below 5% GMOs. ELISA method cannot be recommended as a reference method for evaluation of the compliance with the regulations, but it can serve as a practical alternative to be used as an online monitoring tool in production lines for raw and mildly processed foods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), GM soy, ELISA, Process factors

Kaynakça

• Ahmed, F. E. (2002). Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods. Trends in Biotechnology, 20 (5), 215-223.
• Anklam, E., Gadani, F., Heinze, P., Pijnenburg, H., Eede, G. V. D. (2002). Analytical methods for detection and determination of genetically modified organisms in agricultural crops and plant-derived food products. European Food Research and Technology, 214, 3-26.
• Anonymous (2003). Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 concerning the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending Directive 2001/18/EC. Official Journal L, 268, 0024-0028.
• Anonymous (2009). Regulation of the Turkish Republic, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on; import, export, processing, control and monitoring of Genetically Modified Organisms and their products used as food and feed. Official Journal, 27388/Issue date: 26.10.2009.
• Anonymous (2010). Turkish Republic Biosafety Low: Low number 5977. Official Journal, 27533/Issue date: 26.03.2010.
• Anonymous (2018). GM Approval Database. http://www.isaaa.org Issue date: 30.04.2018.
• Aono, M., Akiyama, S., Nagatsu, M., Nakajima, N., Tamaoki, M., Kubo, A., Saji, H. (2006). Detection of feral transgenic oilseed rape with multiple herbicide resistance in Japan. Environmental Biosafety Research, 5, 77-87.
• Arun Ozgen, O., Garrett, S. (2009). GMO Detection in Commercial Heat Processed Food Products. In Abstract, 3rd National Veterinary Food Hygiene Congress, p: 20, Bursa, Turkey.
• Arun Özgen, Ö., Muratoğlu, K., Yılmaz Eker, F. (2015). Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizmalar Kavramına Genel Bakış. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 41 (1), 113-123.
• Arun Özgen, Ö., Muratoğlu, K., Yılmaz Eker, F. (2016). The Effect of Heat Processing on Pcr Detection of Genetically Modified Soy in Bakery Products. Journal of Food and Health Science, 2 (3), 130-139.
• Asensio, L., González, I., García, T., Martín, R. (2008). Determination of food authenticity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Food Control, 19 (1), 1-8.Ballari, R. V., Martin, A. (2013). Assessment of DNA degradation induced by thermal and UV radiation processing: Implications for quantification of genetically modified organisms. Food Chemistry, 141, 2130-2136.
• Bergerová, E., Hrnčírová, Z., Stankovská, M, Lopašovská, M., Siekel, P. (2010). Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Amplification and Quantification of Transgenic and Non-transgenic Soybean and Maize DNA. Food Analytical Methods, 3, 211-218.
• Chowdhury, E. H., Kuribara, H., Hino, A., Sultana, P., Mikami, O., Shimada, N., Guruge, K .S., Saito, M., Nakajima, Y. (2003). Detection of corn intrinsic and recombinant DNA fragments and Cry1Ab protein in the gastrointestinal contents of pigs fed genetically modified corn Bt11. Journal of Animal Science, 81 (10), 2546-2551.
• Chowdhury, E.H., Shimada, N., Murata, H., Mikami, O., Sultana, P., Miyazaki, S., Yoshioka, M., Yamanaka, N., Hirai, N., Nakajima, Y. (2003). Detection of Cry1Ab protein in gastrointestinal contents but not visceral organs of genetically modified Bt11-fed calves. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 45 (2), 72-77.
• Collonnier, C., Schattner, A., Berthier, G., Boyer, F., Coue-Philippe, G., Diolez, A., Duplan, M. N., Fernandez, S., Kebdani, N., Kobilinsky, A., Romaniuk, M., de Beuckeleer, M., de Loose, M., Windels, P., Bertheau, Y. (2005). Characterization and event specific-detection by quantitative real-time PCR of T25 maize insert. Journal of AOAC International, 88 (2), 536-546.
• Corbisier, P., Trapmann, S., Gancberg, D, Hannes, L., Van Iwaarden, P., Berben, G., Schimmel, H., Emons, H. (2005). Quantitative determination of Roundup Ready soybean (Glycine max) extracted from highly processed flour. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 383, 282-290.
• Hernandez, M., Esteve, T., Prat, S., Pla, M. (2004). Development of real-time PCR systems based on SYBR ®Green I, Ampli fluor™ and TaqMan ®technologies for specific quantitative detection of transgenic maize event GA21. Journal of Cereal Science, 39 (1), 99 -107.
• ISAAA (The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications), (2016). Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2016. (Brief No: 52).
• Lipp, M., Anklam, E., Stave, J. (2000). Validation of an immunoassay for detection and quantification of a genetically modified soybean in food and food fractions using reference materials: Interlaboratory study. Journal of AOAC International, 83, 919-927.
• Lipp, M., Bluth, A., Eyquem, F., Kruse, L., Schimmel, H., Van den Eed, G., Anklam, E. (2001). Validation of a method based on polymerase chain reaction for the detection of genetically modified organisms in various processed foodstuffs. European Food Research and Technology, 212 (4), 497–504.
• Messean, A., Sausse, C., Gasques, J., Darmency, H. (2007). Occurrence of genetically modified oilseed rapeseeds in the harvest of subsequent conventional oilseed rape over time. European Journal of Agronomy, 21, 115-122.
• Meyer, R., Chardonnens, F., Hübner, P., Lüthy, J. (1996). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the quality and safety assurance of food: Detection of soya in processed meat products. Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und –Forschung A, 203 (4), 339-344.
• Murray, S., Butler, R. C., Hardacre, A. K., Timmerman-Vaughan, G.M. (2007). Use of Quantitative Real-Time PCR to Estimate Maize Endogenous DNA Degradation after Cooking and Extrusion or in Food Products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 2231-2239.
• Nielsen, C., Berdal, K., Bakke McKellep, A., Holst-Jensen, A. (2005). Dietary DNA in blood and liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). European Food Research and Technology, 221, 1- 8.
• Ortiz-Garcia, S., Ezcurra, E., Schoel, B., Acevedo, F., Sobernon, J., Snow, A. (2005). Absence of detectable transgenes in local landraces of maize in Oaxaca, Mexico (2003 -2004). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102 (35), 12338-12343.
• Quist, D., Chapela, I. (2001). Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico. Nature, 414 (6863), 541-543.
• Saji, H., Nakajima, N., Aono, M., Tamoki, M., Kubo, A., Wakiyama, S., Hatase, Y., Nagatsu, M. (2005). Monitoring the escape of transgenic oilseed rape around Japanese ports and roadsides. Environ Biosafety Res, 4, 217-222.
• Suchitra, K., Ali, S. (2013). Genetically Modified Crops: Detection strategies and biosafety issues. Gene, 522, 123-132.
• Taverniers, I., Windels, P., Vaitilingom, M., Milcamps, A., Van Bockstaele, E., Van den Eede G., De Loose, M. (2005). Event-specific plasmid standards and real-time PCR methods for transgenic Bt11, Bt176, and GA21 maize and transgenic GT73 canola. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53 (8), 3041-3052.
• Taverniers, I., Windels, P., Van Bockstaele, E., De Loose, M. (2001). Use of cloned DNA fragments for event-specific quantification of genetically modified organisms in pure and mixed food products. European Food Research and Technology, 213, 417–424.
• Varzakas, T. H., Arvanitoyannis, I. S., Baltas, H. (2007). The Politics and Science behind GMO Acceptance. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 47, 335-361.
• Vijayakumar, K. R., Martin, A., Gowda, L. R., Prakash, V. (2009). Detection of genetically modified soya and maize: Impact of heat processing. Food Chemistry, 117, 514-521.
• Vollenhofer, S., Burg, K., Schmidt, J., Kroath, H. (1999). Genetically Modified Organisms in Foods Screening and Specific Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47, 5038-5043.
• Windels, P., Bertrand, S., Depicker, A., Moens, W., Van Bockstaele, E., De Loose, M. (2003). Qualitative and event-specific PCR real-time detection methods for StarLink maize. European Food Research and Technology, 216 (3), 259-263.
• Windels, P., Taverniers, I., Depicker, A., Van Bockstaele, E., De Loose, M. (2001). Characterisation of the Roundup Ready soybean inserts. European Food Research and Technology,, 213, 107-112.