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Ibsen’in Bir Bebek Evi Adlı Oyunundaki Cinsiyet İlişkilerine Kültürel Materyalist Bir Yaklaşım

Yıl 2018, , 85 - 94, 30.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.430480

Öz



Norveçli yazar Henrik Ibsen’in Bir Bebek Evi (1879), on dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında hararetle tartışılan toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkilerini irdeler. Oyun, esas olarak kocasının hayatını kurtarmak için babasının imzasını taklit eden Nora adındaki burjuva sınıfına mensup bir kadının baskıya maruz kalmasını ele alır. Alt seviyedeki bir cinsiyet grubunun üyesi olarak düşünülen Nora, ataerkil zihniyete sahip olan kocası Helmer tarafından yönetilir. Kendi parasını kazanmak için gereken sosyo-ekonomik özgürlükten yoksun olduğu için, kendisini eve hapsederek entelektüel ve ahlaki rehberliğe ihtiyacı olan cahil, aşağılık bir varlık olarak küçümseyen kocasının iradesine uymaya zorlanır. Dahası, Helmer para kazanan kişi rolünü kötüye kullanır ve Nora’ya sahiplenilmesi ve kontrol edilmesi gereken bir nesne olarak davranır. Helmer, cinsiyetinin ve ekonomik konumunun getirdiği ‘üstünlüğünden’ yararlandığı için hem otoriter bir erkeği hem de sömürücü kapitalist bir efendiyi temsil eder. Ancak, Nora, erkek egemenliğinin edilgen bir alıcısı olarak gösterilmemiştir; çünkü kadın cinsiyetinin yetersizliğine odaklanan kocasının ataerkil söylemlerine karşı söylemler geliştirir. Kadınları aşağılayan ataerkil toplumun baskın ahlaki ve hukuki söylemlerinden usanan Nora, kısıtlayıcı eve dair meselelerle dolu iç dünyadan gücün, paranın ve iş olanaklarının bulunduğu dış dünyaya geçmeye karar verir. Kadın cinsiyeti ile ilişkilendirilen belirli normatif rolleri gerçekleştirmesi beklenen ev ortamından ayrılması, kadınların erkek egemenliğinden kurtuluşunu müjdelemesi açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışma, Nora’nın kocasının evini terk edişinin sadece kişisel bir deneyim olmadığını aynı zamanda baskın ataerkil kapitalist kültüre karşı sosyal bir karşı çıkış olduğunu savunmak için Bir Bebek Evi’ni kültürel materyalist bir açıdan inceler.

Kaynakça

  • Becker, L. (2002). Is there any specific distinction between male and female intellect? In B. T. Gates (Ed.), In nature’s name: An anthology of women’s writing and illustration, 1780-1930 (pp. 14-20). Chicago: University of Chicago.
  • Boyle, C. (1874). English autumns. Macmillan’s Magazine, 29, 81-88.
  • Caine, B. (1997). English feminism, 1780-1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Carlisle, J. (2004). Common Scents: Comparative encounters in high-Victorian fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Debenham, C. (2013). Birth control and the rights of women: Post-suffrage feminism in the early twentieth century. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Dollimore, J., & Sinfield, A. (2002). History and ideology: The instance of Henry V. In J. Drakakis (Ed.), Alternative Shakespeares (pp. 209-230). London: Routledge.
  • Edge Hill University. (2014, December). Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. Retrieved from https://www.edgehill.ac.uk/events/files/2014/05/A_Dolls_House_Education_Pack.pdf
  • Foucault, M. (1990). The history of sexuality: An introduction (Vol. 1) (R. Hurley, Trans.). London: Penguin.
  • Gibbon, M. (2004). Un home sur deux est une femme: Gender and language reform in Francophone countries. In F. Royall (Ed.), Contemporary French cultures and societies: An interdisciplinary assessment (pp. 261-275). Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Hansen, F., & Wold, B. (2007). Norway. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), International encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 699-712). New York: Routledge.
  • Ibsen, H. (1910). A Doll’s House: And two other plays (R. F. Sharp, & E. M. Aveling, Trans.). London: J.M. Dent.
  • Martineau, H. (2007). Autobiography (L. H. Peterson, Ed.). Peterborough: Broadview.
  • Marx, K. (2009). Third manuscript. In N. J. Boyes (Ed.), On the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 by Karl Marx (pp. 133-169). Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tr/booksid=JsL0AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=On%2Bthe%2BEconomic%2Band%2BPhilosophic%2BManuscripts%2Bof%2B1844&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=eN2VVPfmFYO6UcaPhLAL&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=beauty&f=false
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (2004). The German ideology. with selections from parts two and three, together with Marx’s “Introduction to a critique of political economy” (C. J. Arthur, Ed.; W. Lough, Trans.). New York: International.
  • McDowall, D. (1989). An illustrated history of Britain. Essex: Longman.
  • Mill, H. T. (1998). The complete works of Harriet Taylor Mill (J. E. Jacobs, Ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Mill, J. S. (1870). The subjection of women. New York: D. Appleton.
  • Nassaar, C. S. (2004). Introduction to the Victorians: A Major Authors Anthology. In H. Bloom (Ed.), The Victorian Novel (pp. 91-103). New York: Chelsea House.
  • Rossi, A. S. (1970). The Story of John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor Mill. In A. S. Rossi (Ed.), Essays on sex equality (pp. 1-65). Chicago: University of Chicago.
  • Sinfield, A. (2001). Faultlines: Cultural materialism and the politics of dissident reading. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Paul, St. (2003). Ephesians. In J. R. Kohlenberger (Ed.), The evangelical parallel New Testament (pp. 1270-1300). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Szreter, S., & Fisher, K. (2010). Sex before the sexual revolution: Intimate life in England 1918-1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, G. J. (2010). Problems in Ibsen’s problem play. In G. J. Williams (Ed.), Theatre histories: An introduction (pp. 410-416). London: Routledge.
  • Williams, R. (2006). Modern tragedy. Ontario: Broadview.
  • Wroath, J. (1998). Introduction to the family proceedings court. Winchester: Waterside.

A Cultural Materialist Approach to Gender Relations in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House

Yıl 2018, , 85 - 94, 30.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.430480

Öz



The Norwegian writer Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House (1879) explores gender relations which were fiercely debated in the late nineteenth century. The play deals mainly with the oppression of a bourgeois woman named Nora, who forges her father’s signature to save her husband’s life. Regarded as a member of the inferior sex, Nora is dominated by her patriarchal-minded husband Helmer. As she lacks socio-economic freedom to earn her own money, she is forced to obey the will of her husband, who imprisons her in the domestic sphere where she is degraded as an ignorant, inferior being who needs intellectual and moral guidance. Moreover, Helmer manipulates his position as a wage earner and treats Nora as an object that is to be possessed and controlled. Since Helmer benefits from his ‘superiority’ in terms of his gender and economic position, he represents both a domineering patriarch and a manipulative capitalist master. However, Nora is not depicted as a passive receiver of male domination for she develops counter discourses against her husband’s patriarchal discourses which focus on the inferiority of the female sex. Frustrated with the dominant moral and legal discourses of patriarchy that despise women, Nora decides to move from the restrictive domestic world to the outside world of power, money, and business. Her removal from the domestic sphere where she is expected to perform certain normative roles associated with the female sex is important in that it heralds women’s emancipation from male domination. The present study examines A Doll’s House from a cultural materialist perspective to argue that Nora’s departure from her husband’s house is not only a personal experience but a social challenge against the dominant patriarchal capitalist culture.

Kaynakça

  • Becker, L. (2002). Is there any specific distinction between male and female intellect? In B. T. Gates (Ed.), In nature’s name: An anthology of women’s writing and illustration, 1780-1930 (pp. 14-20). Chicago: University of Chicago.
  • Boyle, C. (1874). English autumns. Macmillan’s Magazine, 29, 81-88.
  • Caine, B. (1997). English feminism, 1780-1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Carlisle, J. (2004). Common Scents: Comparative encounters in high-Victorian fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Debenham, C. (2013). Birth control and the rights of women: Post-suffrage feminism in the early twentieth century. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Dollimore, J., & Sinfield, A. (2002). History and ideology: The instance of Henry V. In J. Drakakis (Ed.), Alternative Shakespeares (pp. 209-230). London: Routledge.
  • Edge Hill University. (2014, December). Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. Retrieved from https://www.edgehill.ac.uk/events/files/2014/05/A_Dolls_House_Education_Pack.pdf
  • Foucault, M. (1990). The history of sexuality: An introduction (Vol. 1) (R. Hurley, Trans.). London: Penguin.
  • Gibbon, M. (2004). Un home sur deux est une femme: Gender and language reform in Francophone countries. In F. Royall (Ed.), Contemporary French cultures and societies: An interdisciplinary assessment (pp. 261-275). Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Hansen, F., & Wold, B. (2007). Norway. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), International encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 699-712). New York: Routledge.
  • Ibsen, H. (1910). A Doll’s House: And two other plays (R. F. Sharp, & E. M. Aveling, Trans.). London: J.M. Dent.
  • Martineau, H. (2007). Autobiography (L. H. Peterson, Ed.). Peterborough: Broadview.
  • Marx, K. (2009). Third manuscript. In N. J. Boyes (Ed.), On the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 by Karl Marx (pp. 133-169). Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tr/booksid=JsL0AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=On%2Bthe%2BEconomic%2Band%2BPhilosophic%2BManuscripts%2Bof%2B1844&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=eN2VVPfmFYO6UcaPhLAL&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=beauty&f=false
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (2004). The German ideology. with selections from parts two and three, together with Marx’s “Introduction to a critique of political economy” (C. J. Arthur, Ed.; W. Lough, Trans.). New York: International.
  • McDowall, D. (1989). An illustrated history of Britain. Essex: Longman.
  • Mill, H. T. (1998). The complete works of Harriet Taylor Mill (J. E. Jacobs, Ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Mill, J. S. (1870). The subjection of women. New York: D. Appleton.
  • Nassaar, C. S. (2004). Introduction to the Victorians: A Major Authors Anthology. In H. Bloom (Ed.), The Victorian Novel (pp. 91-103). New York: Chelsea House.
  • Rossi, A. S. (1970). The Story of John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor Mill. In A. S. Rossi (Ed.), Essays on sex equality (pp. 1-65). Chicago: University of Chicago.
  • Sinfield, A. (2001). Faultlines: Cultural materialism and the politics of dissident reading. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Paul, St. (2003). Ephesians. In J. R. Kohlenberger (Ed.), The evangelical parallel New Testament (pp. 1270-1300). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Szreter, S., & Fisher, K. (2010). Sex before the sexual revolution: Intimate life in England 1918-1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, G. J. (2010). Problems in Ibsen’s problem play. In G. J. Williams (Ed.), Theatre histories: An introduction (pp. 410-416). London: Routledge.
  • Williams, R. (2006). Modern tragedy. Ontario: Broadview.
  • Wroath, J. (1998). Introduction to the family proceedings court. Winchester: Waterside.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Edebiyat
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Şebnem Düzgün

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Haziran 2018
Kabul Tarihi 13 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018

Kaynak Göster

APA Düzgün, Ş. (2018). A Cultural Materialist Approach to Gender Relations in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(2), 85-94. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.430480


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