Apocalyptic Eschatology, Astrology, Prophecy, and the Image of the Turks in Seventeenth-Century England
Abstract
The study of the revelations about the end of the world, namely apocalyptic eschatology based on the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament and the Book of Revelations in the New Testament, had strong ties with astrology and political prophecy in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe. Even though England had a less distinct tradition of astrology in the late Medieval and early Tudor ages when compared to the Continental one, from the mid-sixteenth century onwards, the practice of astrological prognostications, which was significantly imbued in the language of apocalyptic eschatology, began to emerge. In the seventeenth century, especially during the Civil War, there was a wide circulation and popularization of astrological and prophetic texts, mainly in the form of almanacs, in England due to socio-political context and technological developments in printing. From the beginnings of the interpretation of the apocalyptic prophecies in the Holy Scriptures together with astrological predictions in Europe, the Turks were one of the main concerns. As a result of the geographical proximity of the threat of Ottoman expansion to continental countries like Germany and due to the mainstream discourse of Reformation politics, in astrological and prophetic texts produced in Germany there was a highly-visible preoccupation with the Turks, whose image was constructed in terms of apocalyptic eschatology. Even though England was at a safe distance from the perceived Ottoman threat, European, especially German, texts found their way into the English market through translations as they provided useful propaganda material for various parties. Moreover, later in the seventeenth century, some English astrologers also wrote astrological accounts of the European encounter with the Ottomans. Accordingly, after giving a brief overview on the development of astrology and prophecy in England from the mid-sixteenth century onwards and on the uses of the language of apocalyptic eschatology for the construction of the image of the Turks, this article offers a reading of some prophetic and astrological texts that were available to seventeenth-century English reader with respect to the representation of the Turks in terms of apocalyptic eschatology, more specifically, as Antichristian, if not the Antichrist. The manuscripts that are studied for the illustration represent the thematic categories roughly divided as ‘natural phenomena,’ ‘miraculous happenings,’ and ‘astrological prognosticationsand prophecies.’ In the study of the texts, it is observed that, embodying a large portion of the popular literature of their time, almost all of these texts employ sensationalism to capture and maintain reader’s attention. It is concluded that, due to their popularity, these texts contributed to the construction and dissemination of a diabolic image of the Turks in seventeenth-century English public imagination.
Keywords
Astrology , prophecy , apocalyptic eschatology , Turks , England , seventeenth century
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