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Margaret Atwood'un Maddaddam Üçlemesinde Mit ve Fantastik

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2, 244 - 252, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.434008

Öz

Bu makale, Margaret Atwood’un Maddaddam adlı apokaliptik bilim kurgu üçlemesindeki mitsel ve fantastik öğelerin kullanımını tartışır. Üçlemenin birinci romanındaki kurgu, insanlığın yok oluşunu çizgisel bir biçimde gösterirken, son romanı, insanlığın sonunu başlangıcıyla bağdaştırarak, üçlemenin aynı zamanda bir döngüsel bir yapısının oluşmasını sağlar. Mit ve fantastiğe ait öğeler özellikle apokaliptik bir gelecek zamanla, insanlığın ortaya çıkışı arasındaki ilişkide ortaya çıkmaktadır. Mitler de, bilim kurgu gibi dünyayı anlama ve anlamlandırma çabasından doğmaktadır ve Atwood’un mitsel ve fantastik öğeler kullanması, insanın asli doğasını irdeleme arzusundan kaynaklanmaktadır. Üçlemenin Maddaddam adlı son romanı, Kutsal Kitap’ta anlatılan insanlığın başlangıcıyla, romanda anlatılan insanlığın yok oluşu sonrasındaki dünya ile gittikçe daha netleşen bir paralellik kurmakta; büyük felaketten sonra hayatta kalmayı başaran bir avuç insanın kaderi Tevrat bağlamına yerleştirilmekte. İnsanlığın gözü kapalı doğrudan bir biçimde yıkıma doğru yol alışını göstererek, Atwood postmodernizmin birçok kez takındığı hümanist karşıtı tutumu sergilemekte, ancak Maddaddam aynı zamanda da kendini anlamlandırma ve bilinçli bir biçimde iyiyi seçme yeteneği gibi hümanist değerleri de savunmaktadır. Bu hümanist idealler ise romanda kullanılan mitsel ve fantastik öğelerle ve dolayısıyla da maddi dünyanın ötesiyle ilişkilendirilmektedirler. Atwood, mitsel ve fantastik öğeleri kullanarak hümanist değerleri savunmaktadır, çünkü globalleşen dünyamızda gittikçe artan şiddet ve sömürü olayları karşısında, bireyin sorumululuk alarak ahlaki eylemler sergilemesi, ileride insanlığın başına gelebilecek felaketleri önlemenin tek çaresi gibi görünmektedir. 

Kaynakça

  • Atwood, M. (2014). In Other Worlds: SF and the Human Imagination. New York: Virago.(2013). MaddAddam. London: Bloomsbury.(2003). Oryx and Crake. (New York: Nan A. Talese.(2004). The Handmaid’s Tale and Oryx and Crake ‘in Context.’ PMLA, 119, 3: 513-17.Bouson, J. B. (2009). It’s Game Over Forever: Atwood’s Satiric Vision of a Bioengineered Posthuman Future in Oryx and Crake. Harold Bloom (Ed.), in Margaret Atwood (pp. 93-110). New York: Infobase Publishing.Braidotti, R. (2013). The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity Press.Brawley, C. (2014). Nature and the Numinous in Mythopoeic Fantasy Literature. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc.Chernyshova, T. (2004). Science Fiction and Myth Creation in our Age. Science Fiction Studies, 31 (3), 345-57.Davies, T. (2001). Humanism. London: Routledge.Eliade, Mircea. (1987). The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Willard R. Trask (Trans.), New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.Fahim, S. S. (1994). Doris Lessing: Sufi Equilibrium and the Form of the Novel. London: Macmillan.Fishburn, K. (1988). Doris Lessing’s ‘Briefing for a Descent into Hell’: Science Fiction or Psycho-Drama? Science Fiction Studies, 15 (1), 48-60.Foucault, M. (2002). The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences. London: Routledge.Gray, S., and Lessing, D. (1986). An Interview with Doris Lessing. Research in African Literatures, 17 (3), 329-340.Gutierrez-Jones, C. (2015). Suicide and Contemporary Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.Heffernan, T. (2008). Post-Apocalyptic Culture: Modernism, Postmodernism, and the Twentieth-Century Novel. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Hollinger, V. (2006). Stories about the Future: From Patterns of Expectation to Patterns of Recognition. Science Fiction Studies, 33 (3),452-472.James, E. (2003). Utopias and anti-Utopias. Edward James et al. (Eds.), in The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (219-29). Cambridge: Cambridge UP.Jameson, F. (1982). Progress versus Utopia; Or, Can We Imagine the Future? Science Fiction Studies, 9 (2), 147-158.Kermode, F. (2000). The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction. Oxford: Oxford UP.Le Guin, U. K. (1993) The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction. New York: HarperPerennial.Mendlesohn, F. (2003). Religion and Science Fiction. Edward James et al. (Eds.), in The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (pp. 264-275). Cambridge: Cambridge UP.Mousoutzanis, A. (2009). Apocalyptic sf. Mark Bould et al. (Eds.), in The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction (pp.458-462). London: Routledge. Moylan, T. (2000). Scraps of the Untainted Sky: Science Fiction, Utopia, Dystopia. Oxford: Westview Press.Palmer, Ch. (2014). Ordinary Catastrophes: Paradoxes and Problems in some recent Post-Apocalyptic Fictions. Gerry Canavan et al. (Eds.), in Green Planets: Ecology and Science Fiction (pp. 158-175). Middletown: Wesleyan UP.Pohl, F. (1997). The Study of Science Fiction: A Modest Proposal. Science Fiction Studies, 2 (1),11-16.Rabkin, E. S. (2004). Science Fiction and the Future of Criticism. PMLA, 119 (3), 457-473. Roberts, A. (2006). Science Fiction. London: Routledge. Rowland, L. (2015). Speculative Solutions: The Development of Environmental and Ecofeminist Discourse in Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam. Studies in Canadian Literature, 40 (2), 46-68.Schmeink, L. (2016). Biopunk Dystopias: Genetic Engineering, Society, and Science Fiction. Liverpool: Liverpool UP.Slonczewski, J., and Levy, M. (2003). Science fiction and the Life Sciences. Edward James et al. (Eds.), in The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (pp. 174-185). Cambridge: Cambridge UP.Sutton, Th. C., and Sutton M. (1969). Science Fiction as Mythology. Western Folklore, 28 (4), pp. 230-237. Suvin, D. (1979). Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre. New Haven: Yale UP.Todorov, T. (2002). Imperfect Garden: The Legacy of Humanism. Princeton: Princeton UP.Wagar, W. W. (1983). Round Trips to Doomsday. Eric S. Rabkin et al. (Eds.), in The End of the World (73-96). Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois UP.Wolfe, G. K. (1983). The Remaking of Zero: Beginning at the End. Eric S. Rabkin et al. (Eds.), in The End of the World (pp.1-19). Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois UP.

Myth And Fantasy in Margaret Atwood’s Maddaddam Trilogy

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2, 244 - 252, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.434008

Öz

This paper discusses the use of myth and fantasy in Margaret Atwood’s apocalyptic science fiction trilogy Maddaddam. While the plot of the first novel in this trilogy unremittingly moves in a linear direction towards total destruction, the final novel reconnects the end with the beginning of human origins and as such, the trilogy reveals also a cyclic structure. It is especially in the connection between the apocalyptic future and the past of human origins that elements of myth and fantasy are foregrounded. Just like science, myth is a mode of understanding and making sense of the world and the way Atwood employs myth and fantasy underscores her engagement with the question pertaining to the nature of what it means to be human. Referring to Mircea Eliade’s concept of humanity as a species marked by a desire to distinguish the sacred from the profane, Atwood, in the last novel of her trilogy, Maddaddam, increasingly draws
parallels between biblical beginnings and her post-apocalyptic fictional world, as the narrative places the fate of the human survivors within the context of the Old Testament. Sharing postmodernism’s anti-humanist stance, mainly revealed in the relentless direction humanity takes towards total annihilation, Maddaddam simultaneously advocates humanist values such as self-determination and the ability to consciously opt for the good. The humanist ideals are significantly connected with elements of myth and fantasy and thus with transcendence. Through the use of myth and fantasy, Atwood advocates humanist values, because in view of increasing global violence and exploitation, responsible moral action becomes the only alternative to ward off the dangers of a disastrous future awaiting humanity

Kaynakça

  • Atwood, M. (2014). In Other Worlds: SF and the Human Imagination. New York: Virago.(2013). MaddAddam. London: Bloomsbury.(2003). Oryx and Crake. (New York: Nan A. Talese.(2004). The Handmaid’s Tale and Oryx and Crake ‘in Context.’ PMLA, 119, 3: 513-17.Bouson, J. B. (2009). It’s Game Over Forever: Atwood’s Satiric Vision of a Bioengineered Posthuman Future in Oryx and Crake. Harold Bloom (Ed.), in Margaret Atwood (pp. 93-110). New York: Infobase Publishing.Braidotti, R. (2013). The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity Press.Brawley, C. (2014). Nature and the Numinous in Mythopoeic Fantasy Literature. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc.Chernyshova, T. (2004). Science Fiction and Myth Creation in our Age. Science Fiction Studies, 31 (3), 345-57.Davies, T. (2001). Humanism. London: Routledge.Eliade, Mircea. (1987). The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Willard R. Trask (Trans.), New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.Fahim, S. S. (1994). Doris Lessing: Sufi Equilibrium and the Form of the Novel. London: Macmillan.Fishburn, K. (1988). Doris Lessing’s ‘Briefing for a Descent into Hell’: Science Fiction or Psycho-Drama? Science Fiction Studies, 15 (1), 48-60.Foucault, M. (2002). The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences. London: Routledge.Gray, S., and Lessing, D. (1986). An Interview with Doris Lessing. Research in African Literatures, 17 (3), 329-340.Gutierrez-Jones, C. (2015). Suicide and Contemporary Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.Heffernan, T. (2008). Post-Apocalyptic Culture: Modernism, Postmodernism, and the Twentieth-Century Novel. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Hollinger, V. (2006). Stories about the Future: From Patterns of Expectation to Patterns of Recognition. Science Fiction Studies, 33 (3),452-472.James, E. (2003). Utopias and anti-Utopias. Edward James et al. (Eds.), in The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (219-29). Cambridge: Cambridge UP.Jameson, F. (1982). Progress versus Utopia; Or, Can We Imagine the Future? Science Fiction Studies, 9 (2), 147-158.Kermode, F. (2000). The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction. Oxford: Oxford UP.Le Guin, U. K. (1993) The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction. New York: HarperPerennial.Mendlesohn, F. (2003). Religion and Science Fiction. Edward James et al. (Eds.), in The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (pp. 264-275). Cambridge: Cambridge UP.Mousoutzanis, A. (2009). Apocalyptic sf. Mark Bould et al. (Eds.), in The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction (pp.458-462). London: Routledge. Moylan, T. (2000). Scraps of the Untainted Sky: Science Fiction, Utopia, Dystopia. Oxford: Westview Press.Palmer, Ch. (2014). Ordinary Catastrophes: Paradoxes and Problems in some recent Post-Apocalyptic Fictions. Gerry Canavan et al. (Eds.), in Green Planets: Ecology and Science Fiction (pp. 158-175). Middletown: Wesleyan UP.Pohl, F. (1997). The Study of Science Fiction: A Modest Proposal. Science Fiction Studies, 2 (1),11-16.Rabkin, E. S. (2004). Science Fiction and the Future of Criticism. PMLA, 119 (3), 457-473. Roberts, A. (2006). Science Fiction. London: Routledge. Rowland, L. (2015). Speculative Solutions: The Development of Environmental and Ecofeminist Discourse in Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam. Studies in Canadian Literature, 40 (2), 46-68.Schmeink, L. (2016). Biopunk Dystopias: Genetic Engineering, Society, and Science Fiction. Liverpool: Liverpool UP.Slonczewski, J., and Levy, M. (2003). Science fiction and the Life Sciences. Edward James et al. (Eds.), in The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (pp. 174-185). Cambridge: Cambridge UP.Sutton, Th. C., and Sutton M. (1969). Science Fiction as Mythology. Western Folklore, 28 (4), pp. 230-237. Suvin, D. (1979). Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre. New Haven: Yale UP.Todorov, T. (2002). Imperfect Garden: The Legacy of Humanism. Princeton: Princeton UP.Wagar, W. W. (1983). Round Trips to Doomsday. Eric S. Rabkin et al. (Eds.), in The End of the World (73-96). Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois UP.Wolfe, G. K. (1983). The Remaking of Zero: Beginning at the End. Eric S. Rabkin et al. (Eds.), in The End of the World (pp.1-19). Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois UP.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Alman Dili, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Canan Şavkay

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Haziran 2018
Kabul Tarihi 15 Şubat 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şavkay, C. (2019). Myth And Fantasy in Margaret Atwood’s Maddaddam Trilogy. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(2), 244-252. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.434008


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