Araştırma Makalesi
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Konferans Salonunda Dağıtık Biliş: Andaş Çeviri Sürecine Yeni Bir Bakış

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 170 - 185, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.621553

Öz

Dağıtık biliş, bilişsel görevlerin tek bir biyolojik organizmanın kafatası ile sınırlı zihninde gerçekleştirilmesi yerine, bilişin bireysel ve izole zihinden taşarak çevredeki biyolojik/biyolojik olmayan yapılara dağılması/yayılması şeklinde özetlenebilecek bir zihin yaklaşımıdır. Dağıtık biliş, bilgi-işlemsel zihin kuramına tepki olarak ortaya çıkmış; bellek ve dil gibi temel bilişsel yetileri yeniden değerlendirmek için kullanılmış; bilişsel yük boşaltma, geçişken bellek ve tekno-sosyal sistem gibi çeşitli kavramların ortaya çıkmasına öncülük etmiştir. Çeviribilim kapsamında yazılı çeviri, bilgisayar-destekli çeviri, teknik iletişim ve çeviri eğitimi bağlamlarında ele alınan bu araştırma programının, sözlü, özellikle de konferans ortamındaki profesyonel andaş çeviri sürecini daha iyi anlamak ve araştırmak için potansiyel taşıdığı düşünülmektedir. Dağıtık biliş ve dağıtık bilişle kavramsal düzeyde aynı şemsiye altında yer alan yayılmış zihin ve gömülü-bedenlenmiş biliş tezleri, 1990’lardan bu yana zihin felsefesi, bilişsel bilimler ve bilişsel psikoloji içinde varlığını sürdürmektedir. Ancak alan yazınında andaş çeviriyi bu çerçevede sistematik olarak inceleyen bir çalışma mevcut değildir. Bu boşluğu gidermeyi amaçlayan bu kuramsal çalışmada, 1960’lardan bu yana bilgi-işlemsel zihin kuramı ve bilgi işleme yaklaşımı temelinde ve çoğu kez akış şemaları ile modellenen andaş çeviri, dağıtık biliş kapsamında yeniden ele alınmış ve buna uygun bir yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir. Gelecekteki çalışmaların bu yaklaşımı test edecek ve önceki modellerle karşılaştıracak deneysel veriler sunması büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

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Distributed Cognition in the Conference Venue: A Fresh Perspective on the Simultaneous Interpreting Process

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 170 - 185, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.621553

Öz

Distributed cognition is a cognitive approach that can be summarised as the distribution/extension of cognition onto the biological/nonbiological artefacts in the environment by leaking from the individual and isolated mind rather than cognitive tasks being executed in a mind limited to the skull of a single biological agent. Distributed cognition emerged as a reaction against the computational theory of mind. It has been employed as a framework to re-evaluate fundamental cognitive faculties such as memory and language and has introduced various concepts such as cognitive offloading, transactive memory and techno-social system. This research programme has been applied to translation, computer-assisted translation, technical communication and translation pedagogy within translation studies. It is assumed that distributed cognition has the potential for better comprehending and investigating interpreting, in particular, professional simultaneous interpreting in the conference venue. Distributed cognition has existed within the fields of philosophy of mind, cognitive science and cognitive psychology since the 1990s along with the extended mind and grounded-embodied cognition theses, which are under the same conceptual umbrella with distributed cognition. That said, simultaneous interpreting has yet to be systematically investigated through the lens of distributed cognition. Rather, the process of simultaneous interpreting has been modelled on the basis of the computational theory of mind and information-processing approach using flowcharts since the 1960s. The present study aims to fulfil the gap in the literature by re-evaluating simultaneous interpreting in the framework of distributed cognition and developing an apt approach. It is critical that future studies provide experimental data to test this approach and to compare it with previous models.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, R. B. W. (1978). Interpreter Roles and Interpretation Situations: Cross-Cutting Typologies. D. Gerver & H. W. Sinaiko (Yay. haz.), Language Interpretation and Communication içinde (s. 217–230). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9077-4_20
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  • Babcock, L., Capizzi, M., Arbula, S., & Vallesi, A. (2017). Short-Term Memory Improvement After Simultaneous Interpretation Training. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-017-0011-x
  • Babcock, L., & Vallesi, A. (2017). Are simultaneous interpreters expert bilinguals, unique bilinguals, or both? Bilingualism, 20(2), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000735
  • Baber, C., Smith, P., Cross, J., Hunter, J., & McMaster, R. (2006). Crime scene investigation as distributed cognition. Pragmatics & Cognition, 14(2), 357–385. https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.8.3.02str
  • Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. G.A. Bower (Yay. haz.), Recent Advances in Learning and Motivation içinde (Cilt 8, s. 47–90). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Ballard, D. H., Hayhoe, M. M., Pook, P. K., & Rao, R. P. (1997). Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20(4), 723–742; discussion 743-767. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X97001611
  • Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(4), 577–609; discussion 610-660. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99252144
  • Bergen, B. (2016). Embodiment, simulation and meaning. N. Riemer (Yay. haz.), The Routledge Handbook of Semantics içinde (s. 142–156). New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315685533.ch8
  • Bontempo, K., & Napier, J. (2011). Evaluating emotional stability as a predictor of interpreter competence and aptitude for interpreting. Interpreting, 13(1), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.13.1.06bon
  • Busby, J. S. (2001). Practices in Design Concept Selection as Distributed Cognition. Cognition, Technology & Work, 3(3), 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00011529
  • Chernov, G. V. (1978). Semantic Aspects of Psycholinguistic Research in Simultaneous Interpretation. Language and Speech, 22(3), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/002383097902200308
  • Clark, A. (2004). Natural-born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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  • Kumcu, A. (2011). Visual Focal Loci in Simultaneous Interpreting (Yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Kumcu, A., & Thompson, R. L. (2016). Spatial Interference and Individual Differences in Looking at Nothing for Verbal Memory. In J. C. Papafragou, A., Grodner, D., Mirman, D., & Trueswell (Yay. haz.), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society içinde (s. 2387–2392). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
  • Kumcu, A., & Thompson, R. L. (2018). Less imageable words lead to more looks to blank locations during memory retrieval. Psychological Research, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1084-6
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  • Lindblom, J., & Thorvald, P. (2017). Manufacturing in the wild–viewing human-based assembly through the lens of distributed cognition. Production and Manufacturing Research, 5(1), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/21693277.2017.1322540
  • Linson, A., & Clarke, E. F. (2017). Distributed cognition, ecological theory and group improvisation. E. F. Clarke & M. Doffman (Yay. haz.), Distributed Creativity: Collaboration and Improvisation in Contemporary Music içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199355914.003.0004
  • Loh, K. K., & Kanai, R. (2016). How Has the Internet Reshaped Human Cognition? Neuroscientist, 22(5), 506–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858415595005
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  • March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations. Oxford: Wiley.
  • Martin, T., & Schwartz, D. L. (2005). Physically distributed learning: Adapting and reinterpreting physical environments in the development of fraction concepts. Cognitive Science, 29(4), 587–625. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_15
  • Massaro, D. W. (1975). Understanding Language: An Information Processing Analysis of Speech Perception, Reading, and Psycholinguistics. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
  • Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043158
  • Moser-Mercer, B. (1997). Process models in simultaneous interpretation. C. Hauenschild & S. Heizmann (Yay. haz.), Machine Translation and Translation Theory içinde (Cilt 1, s. 3–18). New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Moser-Mercer, B. (1978). Simultaneous Interpretation: A Hypothetical Model and its Practical Application. D. Gerver & H. W. Sinaiko (Yay. haz.), Language Interpretation and Communication içinde (s. 353–368). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9077-4_31
  • Newell, A. (1980). Physical symbol systems. Cognitive Science, 4(2), 135–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(80)80015-2
  • Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1976). Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search. Communications of the ACM, 19(3), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1145/360018.360022
  • Parsell, M. (2006). The cognitive cost of extending an evolutionary mind into the environment. Cognitive Processing, 7(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-005-0015-9
  • Pecher, D., Zeelenberg, R., & Barsalou, L. W. (2003). Verifying different-modality properties for concepts produces switching costs. Psychological Science, 14(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01429
  • Pezzulo, G., Barsalou, L. W., Cangelosi, A., Fischer, M. H., McRae, K., & Spivey, M. J. (2013). Computational grounded cognition: A new alliance between grounded cognition and computational modeling. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(Ocak), 612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00612
  • Pöchhacker, F. (Yay. haz.). (2015). Routledge Encyclopedia Of Interpreting Studies. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Pöchhacker, F., & Shlesinger, M. (Yay. haz.). (2002). The Interpreting Studies Reader. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Pulvermüller, F. (2013). How neurons make meaning: Brain mechanisms for embodied and abstract-symbolic semantics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(9), 458–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.004
  • Putnam, H. (1960). Minds and Machines. S. Hook (Yay. haz.), Dimensions of Mind: A Symposium içinde (s. 148–179). New York, NY: New York University Press.
  • Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1986). Computation and Cognition: Toward a Foundation for Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Risko, E. F., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016). Cognitive Offloading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(9), 676–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.07.002
  • Risko, E. F., Medimorec, S., Chisholm, J., & Kingstone, A. (2014). Rotating With Rotated Text: A Natural Behavior Approach to Investigating Cognitive Offloading. Cognitive Science, 38(3), 537–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12087
  • Risku, H. (2010). A cognitive scientific view on technical communication and translation: Do embodiment and situatedness really make a difference? Target, 22(1), 94–111. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.22.1.06ris
  • Risku, H. (2015). Translation process research as interaction research: from mental to socio-cognitive processes. MonTI. Monografías de Traducción e Interpretación, 331–353. https://doi.org/10.6035/monti.2014.ne1.11
  • Risku, H., & Windhager, F. (2013). Extended Translation: A Sociocognitive Research Agenda. Target, 25(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.25.1.04ris
  • Rumelhart, D. E., & Ortony, A. (1977). The representation of knowledge in memory. R. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro, & W. E. Montague (Yay. haz.), Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge içinde (s. 99–135). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Santilli, M., Vilas, M. G., Mikulan, E., Martorell Caro, M., Muñoz, E., Sedeño, L., … García, A. M. (2018). Bilingual memory, to the extreme: Lexical processing in simultaneous interpreters. Bilingualism, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000378
  • Setton, R. (1999). Simultaneous Interpretation: A cognitive-pragmatic analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Shapiro, K. (Yay. haz.). (2001). The limits of attention: Temporal constraints in human information processing. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198505150.001.0001
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  • Stenzl, C. (1983). Simultaneous Interpretation - Groundwork Towards a Comprehensive Model (Doktora tezi). University of London.
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  • Van de Putte, E., De Baene, W., García-Pentón, L., Woumans, E., Dijkgraaf, A., & Duyck, W. (2018). Anatomical and functional changes in the brain after simultaneous interpreting training: A longitudinal study. Cortex, 99, 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.024
  • Vera, A. H., & Simon, H. A. (1993). Situated action: a symbolic interpretation. Cognitive Science, 17(1), 7–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(05)80008-4
  • Ward, A. F. (2013). Supernormal: How the Internet Is Changing Our Memories and Our Minds. Psychological Inquiry, 24(4), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2013.850148
  • Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind. B. Mullen & G. R. Goethals (Yay. haz.), Theories of Group Behavior içinde (s. 185–208). New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4634-3_9
  • Wegner, D. M., Raymond, P., & Erber, R. (1991). Transactive Memory in Close Relationships. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 61(6), 923–929. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.6.923
  • Zhang, J., & Norman, D. A. (1994). Representations in distributed cognitive tasks. Cognitive Science, 18(1), 87–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-0213(94)90021-3
  • Zhu, L. (2018). An embodied cognition perspective on translation education: philosophy and pedagogy. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 26(1), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2017.1328449
  • Zwaan, R. A. (2016). Situation models, mental simulations, and abstract concepts in discourse comprehension. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 23(4), 1028–1034. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0864-x
Toplam 93 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dilbilim, Felsefe, Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Alper Kumcu 0000-0003-0844-3562

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Eylül 2019
Kabul Tarihi 19 Şubat 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kumcu, A. (2020). Konferans Salonunda Dağıtık Biliş: Andaş Çeviri Sürecine Yeni Bir Bakış. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 170-185. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.621553


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