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Short-Term Consolidation of Information for Episodic Memory: The Role of Attention

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 287 - 307, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.712414

Öz

Pieces of evidence from rapid serial visual presentation, attentional blink, and dual-task interference phenomena propose that human beings have a significant limitation on the short-term consolidation process. Short-term consolidation is transferring perceptual representations to a more durable form of memory. Although previous research has shown that masks presented after targets interrupt the consolidation process of information, there is not enough evidence for the role of attention in consolidation for episodic memory. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of attention and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between targets and masks on episodic memory. Masks were presented after targets with varying SOAs. The participants in the divided attention condition performed the attention-demanding secondary task after the presentation of the masks, whereas participants in the full attention condition were not requested to perform the secondary task after the presentation of masks. The results showed that reducing SOA between targets and masks caused an impairment in memory performance for divided attention but not for full attention, providing evidence for the necessity of attention for the short-term consolidation process.

Kaynakça

  • Bireta, T. J., & Mazzei, C. M. (2016). Does the isolation effect require attention?. Memory & Cognition, 44(1), 1-14.
  • Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2008). Visual long-term memory has a massive storage capacity for object details. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(38), 14325-14329.
  • Christmann, C., & Leuthold, H. (2004). The attentional blink is susceptible to concurrent perceptual processing demands Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 57, 357-377.
  • Chun, M. M. (1997). Temporal binding errors are redistributed in the attentional blink. Perception & Psychophysics, 59, 1191–1199.
  • Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995). A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21, 109-127.
  • Cleary, A. M. (2014). The sense of recognition during retrieval failure: Implications for the nature of memory traces. In Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 60, pp. 77-112). Academic Press.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coltheart, M. (1981). The MRC psycholinguistic database. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33A, 497-505.
  • De Schrijver, S., & Barrouillet, P. (2017). Consolidation and restoration of memory traces in working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(5), 1651-1657.
  • Duncan, J., Ward, R., & Shapiro, K. (1994). Direct measurement of attentional dwell time in human vision. Nature, 369, 313–315.
  • Dux, P. E., & Harris, I. M. (2007). Viewpoint costs occur during consolidation: Evidence from the attentional blink. Cognition, 104, 47–58.
  • Evans, K. K., & Treisman, A. (2005). Perception of objects in natural scenes: Is it really attention-free? Journal of Experimental Psychology; Human Perception and Performance, 31, 1476-1492.
  • Fabiani, M., & Donchin, E. (1995). Encoding processes and memory organization: A model of the von restorff effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 224-240.
  • Giesbrecht, B. L., & Di Lollo, V. (1998). Beyond the attentional blink: Visual masking by object substitution. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 24, 1454-1466.
  • Green, S. B., Salkin, N. J., & Akey, T. M. (2000). Using SPSS for windows analyzing and understanding data. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hines, D., & Smith, S. (1977). Recognition of random shapes followed at varying delays by attended or unattended shapes, digits, and line grids. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 29-36.
  • Hulme, M. R., & Merikle, P. M. (1976). Processing time and memory for pictures. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 50, 31-38.
  • Intraub, H. (1980). Presentation rate and the representation of briefly glimpsed pictures in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 1-12.
  • Intraub, H. (1984). Conceptual masking: The effects of subsequent visual events on memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, l0, ll5-125.
  • Jolicoeur, P. (1999). Dual-task interference and visual encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 596-616.
  • Jolicoeur, P., & Dell'Acqua, R. (1998). The demonstration of short-term consolidation. Cognitive Psychology, 36(2), 138-202.
  • Jolicoeur, P., & Dell'Acqua, R. (1999). Attentional and structural constraints on visual encoding. Psychological Research, 62, 154-164.
  • Kucera, H., & Francis, W. (1967). Computational Analysis of Present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University.
  • Lee, T. H., Sakaki, M., Cheng, R., Velasco, R., & Mather, M. (2014). Emotional arousal amplifies the effects of biased competition in the brain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(12), 2067-2077.
  • Loftus, G. R., & Ginn, M. (1984). Perceptual and conceptual masking of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 10, 435-441.
  • Losier, T., Lefebvre, C., Doro, M., Dell'Acqua, R., & Jolicoeur, P. (2017). Backward masking interrupts spatial attention, slows downstream processing, and limits conscious perception. Consciousness and Cognition, 54, 101-113.
  • Luck, S. J., Vogel, E. K., & Shapiro, K. L. (1996). Word meanings are accessed but cannot be reported during the attentional blink. Nature, 383, 616-618.
  • MacKay, D. G., Hadley, C. B., & Schwartz, J. H. (2005). Relations between emotion, illusory word perception, and orthographic repetition blindness: Tests of binding theory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58A, 1514–1533.
  • Marois, R., & Ivanoff, J. (2005). Capacity limits of information processing in the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 296-305. Naveh-Benjamin, M. N., Guez, J., & Marom, M. (2003). The effects of attention at encoding on item and associative memory. Memory & Cognition, 3, 1021-1035.
  • Nelson, D. L., Reed, V. S., & Walling, J. R. (1976). Pictorial superiority effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 523-528.
  • Parkin, A. J. (1993). Memory: Phenomena, Experiment and Theory. Blackwell, MA
  • Potter, M. C. (1976). Short-term conceptual memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 2, 509–522.
  • Potter, M. C., & Levy, E. I. (1969). Recognition memory for a rapid sequence of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 10-15.
  • Potter, M. C., Staub, A., & O'Connor, D. H. (2004). Pictorial and conceptual representation of glimpsed pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 478-489.
  • Potter, M. C., Staub, A., Rado, J., & O'Connor, D. H. (2002). Recognition memory for briefly-presented pictures: The time course of rapid forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 1163-1175.
  • Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 18, 849-60.
  • Ricker, T. J., & Hardman, K. O. (2017). The nature of short-term consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146(11), 1551.
  • Robinson, A. K., Grootswagers, T., & Carlson, T. A. (2019). The influence of image masking on object representations during rapid serial visual presentation. NeuroImage, 197, 224-231.
  • Sakaki, M., Ueno, T., Ponzio, A., Harley, C. W., & Mather, M. (2019). Emotional arousal amplifies competitions across goal-relevant representation: A neurocomputational framework. Cognition, 187, 108-125.
  • Schmidt, S. R., & Schmidt, C. R. (2015). Inattentional blindness and the von Restorff effect. Memory & Cognition, 43(2), 151-163.
  • Schulz, L. S., & Straub, R. B. (1972). Effects of high-priority events on recognition of adjacent items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 95, 467-469.
  • Shaffer, W. Q., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1972). Rehearsal and storage of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 92, 292-296. Standing, L. (1973). Learning 10,000 pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 207–222.
  • Tulving, E. (1969). Retrograde amnesia in free recall, Science, 4.
  • Tulving, E. (2001). Does memory encoding exist? In M. Naveh-Benjamin, M. Moscovitch, & H.L. Roediger III (Eds.), Perspectives on human memory and cognitive aging (pp. 6–27). New York: Psychology Press.Visser, T. A. W., Merikle, P. M., & Di Lollo, V. (2005). Priming in the attentional blink: Perception without awareness? Visual Cognition. 12, 1362-1372.
  • Vogel, E. K., & Luck, S. J. (2002). Delayed working memory consolidation during the attentional blink. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 739-743.
  • Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2006). The time course of consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 1436-1451.
  • Ward, R., Duncan, J., & Shapiro, K. (1996). The slow time-course of visual attention. Cognitive Psychology, 30, 79-109.
  • Wyble, B., Bowman, H., & Nieuwenstein, M. (2009). The attentional blink provides episodic distinctiveness: sparing at a cost. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(3), 787–807.
  • Xu, Y. (2017). Reevaluating the sensory account of visual working memory storage. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 794-815.
  • Zivony, A., & Lamy, D. (2016). Attentional capture and engagement during the attentional blink: A “camera” metaphor of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42(11), 1886-1902.

Anısal Bellekte Bilgilerin Kısa-Süreli Konsolidasyonu: Dikkatin Rolü

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 287 - 307, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.712414

Öz

Hızlı seri görsel sunum, dikkat kırpması, ve ikili görev bozulmaları olgularından elde edilen kanıtlar insanoğlunun kısa-süreli konsolidasyon sürecinde anlamlı bir sınırlılığı olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Kısa-süreli konsolidasyon, görsel temsillerin daha kalıcı bellek biçimlerine transfer edilmesidir. Yapılmış çalışmalar hedef uyaranlardan sonra gösterilen maskelerin bilgilerin konsolidasyonunu yarıda kestiğini göstermesine rağmen, bilgilerin anısal bellek için konsolidasyonunda dikkatin rolü hakkında yeterli kanıt yoktur. Dikkatin ve hedef uyaran ile maske arasındaki uyaran başlangıcı senkronizasyonsuzluğunun (UBS) anısal belleğe etkisini incelemek için üç deney yapılmıştır. Maskeler hedef uyaranlardan sonra değişen UBS'lerde sunulmuştur. Bölünmüş dikkat koşulundaki katılımcılar maskelerin sunumundan sonra dikkat gerektiren ikincil bir iş yaparken tam dikkat koşulundaki katılımcılara böyle bir görev verilmemiştir. Sonuçlar göstermiştir ki; hedef uyaranlar ile maskeler arasındaki UBS'yi düşürmek bölünmüş dikkatte bellek performansını düşürürken tam dikkatte performansı etkilememiştir. Bu bulgular kısa-süreli konsolidasyon sürecinde dikkatin gerekliliğini desteklemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Bireta, T. J., & Mazzei, C. M. (2016). Does the isolation effect require attention?. Memory & Cognition, 44(1), 1-14.
  • Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2008). Visual long-term memory has a massive storage capacity for object details. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(38), 14325-14329.
  • Christmann, C., & Leuthold, H. (2004). The attentional blink is susceptible to concurrent perceptual processing demands Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 57, 357-377.
  • Chun, M. M. (1997). Temporal binding errors are redistributed in the attentional blink. Perception & Psychophysics, 59, 1191–1199.
  • Chun, M. M., & Potter, M. C. (1995). A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21, 109-127.
  • Cleary, A. M. (2014). The sense of recognition during retrieval failure: Implications for the nature of memory traces. In Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 60, pp. 77-112). Academic Press.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coltheart, M. (1981). The MRC psycholinguistic database. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33A, 497-505.
  • De Schrijver, S., & Barrouillet, P. (2017). Consolidation and restoration of memory traces in working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(5), 1651-1657.
  • Duncan, J., Ward, R., & Shapiro, K. (1994). Direct measurement of attentional dwell time in human vision. Nature, 369, 313–315.
  • Dux, P. E., & Harris, I. M. (2007). Viewpoint costs occur during consolidation: Evidence from the attentional blink. Cognition, 104, 47–58.
  • Evans, K. K., & Treisman, A. (2005). Perception of objects in natural scenes: Is it really attention-free? Journal of Experimental Psychology; Human Perception and Performance, 31, 1476-1492.
  • Fabiani, M., & Donchin, E. (1995). Encoding processes and memory organization: A model of the von restorff effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 224-240.
  • Giesbrecht, B. L., & Di Lollo, V. (1998). Beyond the attentional blink: Visual masking by object substitution. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 24, 1454-1466.
  • Green, S. B., Salkin, N. J., & Akey, T. M. (2000). Using SPSS for windows analyzing and understanding data. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hines, D., & Smith, S. (1977). Recognition of random shapes followed at varying delays by attended or unattended shapes, digits, and line grids. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 29-36.
  • Hulme, M. R., & Merikle, P. M. (1976). Processing time and memory for pictures. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 50, 31-38.
  • Intraub, H. (1980). Presentation rate and the representation of briefly glimpsed pictures in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 1-12.
  • Intraub, H. (1984). Conceptual masking: The effects of subsequent visual events on memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, l0, ll5-125.
  • Jolicoeur, P. (1999). Dual-task interference and visual encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 596-616.
  • Jolicoeur, P., & Dell'Acqua, R. (1998). The demonstration of short-term consolidation. Cognitive Psychology, 36(2), 138-202.
  • Jolicoeur, P., & Dell'Acqua, R. (1999). Attentional and structural constraints on visual encoding. Psychological Research, 62, 154-164.
  • Kucera, H., & Francis, W. (1967). Computational Analysis of Present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University.
  • Lee, T. H., Sakaki, M., Cheng, R., Velasco, R., & Mather, M. (2014). Emotional arousal amplifies the effects of biased competition in the brain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(12), 2067-2077.
  • Loftus, G. R., & Ginn, M. (1984). Perceptual and conceptual masking of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 10, 435-441.
  • Losier, T., Lefebvre, C., Doro, M., Dell'Acqua, R., & Jolicoeur, P. (2017). Backward masking interrupts spatial attention, slows downstream processing, and limits conscious perception. Consciousness and Cognition, 54, 101-113.
  • Luck, S. J., Vogel, E. K., & Shapiro, K. L. (1996). Word meanings are accessed but cannot be reported during the attentional blink. Nature, 383, 616-618.
  • MacKay, D. G., Hadley, C. B., & Schwartz, J. H. (2005). Relations between emotion, illusory word perception, and orthographic repetition blindness: Tests of binding theory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58A, 1514–1533.
  • Marois, R., & Ivanoff, J. (2005). Capacity limits of information processing in the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 296-305. Naveh-Benjamin, M. N., Guez, J., & Marom, M. (2003). The effects of attention at encoding on item and associative memory. Memory & Cognition, 3, 1021-1035.
  • Nelson, D. L., Reed, V. S., & Walling, J. R. (1976). Pictorial superiority effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 523-528.
  • Parkin, A. J. (1993). Memory: Phenomena, Experiment and Theory. Blackwell, MA
  • Potter, M. C. (1976). Short-term conceptual memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 2, 509–522.
  • Potter, M. C., & Levy, E. I. (1969). Recognition memory for a rapid sequence of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 10-15.
  • Potter, M. C., Staub, A., & O'Connor, D. H. (2004). Pictorial and conceptual representation of glimpsed pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 478-489.
  • Potter, M. C., Staub, A., Rado, J., & O'Connor, D. H. (2002). Recognition memory for briefly-presented pictures: The time course of rapid forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 1163-1175.
  • Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 18, 849-60.
  • Ricker, T. J., & Hardman, K. O. (2017). The nature of short-term consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146(11), 1551.
  • Robinson, A. K., Grootswagers, T., & Carlson, T. A. (2019). The influence of image masking on object representations during rapid serial visual presentation. NeuroImage, 197, 224-231.
  • Sakaki, M., Ueno, T., Ponzio, A., Harley, C. W., & Mather, M. (2019). Emotional arousal amplifies competitions across goal-relevant representation: A neurocomputational framework. Cognition, 187, 108-125.
  • Schmidt, S. R., & Schmidt, C. R. (2015). Inattentional blindness and the von Restorff effect. Memory & Cognition, 43(2), 151-163.
  • Schulz, L. S., & Straub, R. B. (1972). Effects of high-priority events on recognition of adjacent items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 95, 467-469.
  • Shaffer, W. Q., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1972). Rehearsal and storage of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 92, 292-296. Standing, L. (1973). Learning 10,000 pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 207–222.
  • Tulving, E. (1969). Retrograde amnesia in free recall, Science, 4.
  • Tulving, E. (2001). Does memory encoding exist? In M. Naveh-Benjamin, M. Moscovitch, & H.L. Roediger III (Eds.), Perspectives on human memory and cognitive aging (pp. 6–27). New York: Psychology Press.Visser, T. A. W., Merikle, P. M., & Di Lollo, V. (2005). Priming in the attentional blink: Perception without awareness? Visual Cognition. 12, 1362-1372.
  • Vogel, E. K., & Luck, S. J. (2002). Delayed working memory consolidation during the attentional blink. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 739-743.
  • Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2006). The time course of consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 1436-1451.
  • Ward, R., Duncan, J., & Shapiro, K. (1996). The slow time-course of visual attention. Cognitive Psychology, 30, 79-109.
  • Wyble, B., Bowman, H., & Nieuwenstein, M. (2009). The attentional blink provides episodic distinctiveness: sparing at a cost. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(3), 787–807.
  • Xu, Y. (2017). Reevaluating the sensory account of visual working memory storage. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(10), 794-815.
  • Zivony, A., & Lamy, D. (2016). Attentional capture and engagement during the attentional blink: A “camera” metaphor of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42(11), 1886-1902.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Erol Özçelik 0000-0003-0370-8517

Hasan Tekman Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0859-6836

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Mart 2020
Kabul Tarihi 9 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özçelik, E., & Tekman, H. (2021). Short-Term Consolidation of Information for Episodic Memory: The Role of Attention. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(2), 287-307. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.712414


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