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A Corpus Based Analysis of the Temporal Converb Clauses in Turkish

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 349 - 365, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1335471

Öz

The studies in cognitive and psycholinguistics have reported that the sentential position of converb clauses which are part of adverbial clauses is influenced by syntactic, semantic and discourse factors (Diessel, 2005, 2008; Verstraete, 2004; Wiechmann & Kerz, 2013). One of the semantic factors is the iconicity of sequence and the related iconicity principle states that linguistic structures mostly mirror the structure of conceptual order (Croft, 2003). In other words, the meaning relationships that the linguistic structures bear has an effect on the positioning of those structures. For example, the temporal meaning relationship that a construction has can have an effect on the linear structure of this construction. This study aims at investigating the positioning variations of temporal converb clauses in Turkish and at revealing whether or not it is consistent with the iconicity principle. There are several endings used as temporal converb clauses in Turkish. In the study, the following nine converb endings are analysed: -(y)IncA (when), -DığIndA (when), -DIğI zaman (when), -ken (while), -(A/I) r…-mAz (as soon as), -DIğIndAn beri (since), -mAdAn önce (before), -DIktAn sonra (after), and –DikçA (whenever). The data of the study were collected from the Turkish National Corpus (TNC) (Aksan et al., 2012) which contains 50 million words. After identifying 9000 samples of temporal converbs, these were first grouped based on the endings mentioned above. Then the data were analysed using chi-square test. The 2×3 X² analysis was employed to see the correlations between conceptual order and linear structure. The findings of the study show that temporal converb clauses in Turkish generally have a tendency to appear before the main clause. The clauses expressing priority, namely -(y)IncA (when), -DiğIndA (when), -DIğI zaman (when), -(A/I) r…-mAz (as soon as), -DIğIndAn beri (since) and -DIktAn sonra (after) and the clauses expressing simultaneity, namely, -DiğIndA (when), -DIğI zaman (when), -ken (while) and –DıkçA (whenever) are found to precede the main clauses, which is in line with iconic clause order. The converb constructions expressing posteriority, such as –DiğIndA (when), -DIğI zaman (when) and -mAdAn önce (before) appear to precede the main clause, which is not supported by the iconicity principle. These findings suggest that the iconicity of sequence has a role in the placement of temporal converb clauses in Turkish.

Kaynakça

  • Akkuş, M. (2019). A usage-based investigation of converbial constructions in heritage speakers’ Turkish spoken in the Netherlands. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
  • Aksan, Y. Aksan, M. Koltuksuz, A., Sezer, T., Mersinli, Ü., Demirhan, U., Yılmazer, H. Atasoy, G., Öz, S., Yildiz, İ., ve Kurtoglu, Ö. (2012). Construction of the Turkish National Corpus (TNC). In Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012). İstanbul.
  • Aydemir, İ. A. (2014). Türkçede zarf-fiillerin bağlayıcılık işlevleri. In N. Demir, & A. Menz (Eds.), Turcology and Linguistics. Éva Ágnes Csató Festschrift (pp. 31-41). Hacettepe University Publications.
  • Banguoğlu, T. (1974). Türkçenin Grameri. İstanbul: Baha Matbaası.
  • Clark, E. V. (1973). How children describe time and order. In Charles A. Ferguson and Dan I. Slobin (Eds.), Studies of child language development (pp. 585-606). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Croft, W. (2003). Typology and universals. Cambridge University Press.
  • Çetintaş Yıldırım, F. (2004). The syntactic and semantic analysis of Turkish temporal converbs. [Master’s Dissertation]. Mersin University.
  • Diesel, H. (1995). Processing factors of pre- and postposed adverbial clauses. Berkeley Linguistics Society, 22, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v22i1.1344
  • Diesel, H. (2001). The ordering distribution of main and adverbial clauses: A typological study. Language, 77, 343–65. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2001.0152
  • Diesel, H. (2005). Competing motivations for the ordering of main and adverbial clauses. Linguistics, 43, 449-470, https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2005.43.3.449
  • Diessel, H. (2008). Iconicity of sequence: A corpus-based analysis of the positioning of temporal adverbial clauses in English. Cognitive Linguistics, 19(3), 465-490. https://doi.org/10.1515/COGL.2008.018
  • Göksel, A. & Kerslake, C. (2005). Turkish: A comprehensive grammar.: Routledge.
  • Greenberg, H. (1963). Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In J. H. Greenberg (Ed.), Universals of language (pp. 73-113). MIT Press.
  • Haiman, J. (1983). Iconic and economic motivations. Language, 59, 781-819.
  • Haspelmath, M. (1995). The converb as a cross-linguistically valid category. In M. Haspelmath, & E. König (Eds.), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective: Structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms –adverbial participles, gerunds (pp. 3-55). Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Hercus, L. A. & Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Department of Linguistics. (1994). A grammar of the Arabana-Wangkangurru language Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia. Dept. Of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
  • Koç, S. (1988). Turkish adverb clauses on computer In S. Koç (Ed.), Studies on Turkish linguistics. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Turkish Linguistics (pp. 579-596). Middle East Technical University.
  • Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish. Routledge.
  • Legendre, G. (1990). French impersonal constructions. Natural Language and Linguistics Theory, 8, 81-128.
  • Lehmann, C. (1974). Prinzipien fur, Universal 14’. In H. Seiler (Ed.), Linguistic Workshop II (pp. 69-97). Wilhem Fink.
  • Lewis, G.L. (1986). Turkish grammar. Oxford University Press.
  • Schaub, W. (1985). Babungo. Croom Helm.
  • Slobin, D. I. (1995). Converbs in Turkish child language: The grammaticalization of event coherence. In M. Haspelmath & E. König (Eds.), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective. Structure and Meaning of Adverbial Verb Fırms- Adverbial participles, Gerunds (pp. 349-371). Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Thomason, S.G. & Longacre, R. E. (1985). Adverbial clauses. Language typology and syntactic constructions. Cambridge University Press.
  • Verstraete, J. C. (2004). Initial and final position of adverbial clauses in English: The constructional basis of the discursive and syntactic differences. Linguistics, 42, 819-853.
  • Wiechmann, D. & E. Kerz. (2013). The positioning of concessive adverbial clauses in English: Assessing the importance of discourse-pragmatic and processing-based constraints. English Language and Linguistics, 17(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674312000305
  • Zeyrek, D., Demirşahin, I., Sevdik-Çallı, Ayışığı, B. (2013). Turkish Discourse Bank: Porting a discourse annotation style to a morphologically rich language. Dialogue & Discourse. 4(2), 174-184. https://doi.org/10.5087/dad.2013.208
  • Zeyrek, D., & Kurfalı, M. (2018). TDB 1.1: Extensions on Turkish discourse bank. In Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (pp. 76-81). Association for Computational Linguistics.

Türkçedeki Zamansıl Ulaç Tümcelerinin Derlem Temelli İncelenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 349 - 365, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1335471

Öz

Bilişsel ve psikodilbilim alanındaki çalışmalar, belirteç yantümcelerinin bir parçası olan ulaç tümce yapılarındaki temel ve yan tümcelerin yerleşiminin; sözdizimsel, anlamsal ve söylemsel faktörlerden etkilendiğini bildirmiştir (Diessel, 2005, 2008; Verstraete, 2004; Wiechmann, & Kerz, 2013). Anlamsal faktörlerden biri dizilimin ikonikliğidir ve bu ilke dilsel yapıların çoğunlukla kavramsal düzenin yapısını yansıttığını ifade eder (Croft, 2003). Başka bir deyişle, dilbilimsel yapıların taşıdığı anlam ilişkileri, bu yapıların konumlandırılmasında etkili olmaktadır. Örneğin, bir yapının sahip olduğu zamansıl anlam ilişkisi, bu yapının doğrusal yapısı üzerinde etkili olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkçedeki zamansıl ulaç tümcelerindeki temel ve yan tümcelerin yerleşimini incelemek ve bunun ikoniklik ilkesiyle tutarlı olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Türkçede zamansıl ulaç tümce yapılarında kullanılan çeşitli son ekler vardır. Bu çalışmada, -(y)IncA, -DIğIndA, -DIğI zaman, -ken, -(A/I) r...-mAz, -DIğIndAn beri, -mAdAn önce, -DIktAn sonra ve -DIkçA olmak üzere dokuz son ek incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri 50 milyon sözcük verisine sahip Türkçe Ulusal Derleminden (TUD) toplanmıştır. Zamansıl ulaç tümcelerini içeren 9000 veri belirlendikten sonra bunlar ilk olarak yukarıda belirtilen son-ek kategorilerine göre gruplandırılmıştır. Daha sonra veriler ki-kare testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Kavramsal düzen ve doğrusal yapı arasındaki ilişkiyi görmek için 2×3 X² analizi uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları, Türkçede zamansıl ulaç yan tümcelerin genellikle ana tümceden önce ifade edilme eğiliminde olduğunu göstermektedir. Öncelik ifade eden -(y)IncA, -DIğIndA, -DIğI zaman, -(A/I) r…-mAz, -DIğIndAn beri ve -DIktAn sonra yantümceleri ile eşzamanlılık ifade eden -DIğIndA, -DIğI zaman, -ken ve -DıkçA yantümcelerin çoğunlukla ana tümcelerden önce gelmesi ikonik tümce sıralamasıyla uyumludur. DIğIndA, -DIğI zaman ve -mAdAn önce gibi sonralık ifade eden tümce yapılarında ise yantümceler genellikle ana tümceden önce gelmektedir ki bu durum ikonik tümce sıralamasına uygun değildir. Bu bulgular, sıralamanın ikonikliğinin Türkçedeki zamansıl ulaç tümcelerin yerleşiminde rol oynadığını göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akkuş, M. (2019). A usage-based investigation of converbial constructions in heritage speakers’ Turkish spoken in the Netherlands. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
  • Aksan, Y. Aksan, M. Koltuksuz, A., Sezer, T., Mersinli, Ü., Demirhan, U., Yılmazer, H. Atasoy, G., Öz, S., Yildiz, İ., ve Kurtoglu, Ö. (2012). Construction of the Turkish National Corpus (TNC). In Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012). İstanbul.
  • Aydemir, İ. A. (2014). Türkçede zarf-fiillerin bağlayıcılık işlevleri. In N. Demir, & A. Menz (Eds.), Turcology and Linguistics. Éva Ágnes Csató Festschrift (pp. 31-41). Hacettepe University Publications.
  • Banguoğlu, T. (1974). Türkçenin Grameri. İstanbul: Baha Matbaası.
  • Clark, E. V. (1973). How children describe time and order. In Charles A. Ferguson and Dan I. Slobin (Eds.), Studies of child language development (pp. 585-606). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Croft, W. (2003). Typology and universals. Cambridge University Press.
  • Çetintaş Yıldırım, F. (2004). The syntactic and semantic analysis of Turkish temporal converbs. [Master’s Dissertation]. Mersin University.
  • Diesel, H. (1995). Processing factors of pre- and postposed adverbial clauses. Berkeley Linguistics Society, 22, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.3765/bls.v22i1.1344
  • Diesel, H. (2001). The ordering distribution of main and adverbial clauses: A typological study. Language, 77, 343–65. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2001.0152
  • Diesel, H. (2005). Competing motivations for the ordering of main and adverbial clauses. Linguistics, 43, 449-470, https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2005.43.3.449
  • Diessel, H. (2008). Iconicity of sequence: A corpus-based analysis of the positioning of temporal adverbial clauses in English. Cognitive Linguistics, 19(3), 465-490. https://doi.org/10.1515/COGL.2008.018
  • Göksel, A. & Kerslake, C. (2005). Turkish: A comprehensive grammar.: Routledge.
  • Greenberg, H. (1963). Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In J. H. Greenberg (Ed.), Universals of language (pp. 73-113). MIT Press.
  • Haiman, J. (1983). Iconic and economic motivations. Language, 59, 781-819.
  • Haspelmath, M. (1995). The converb as a cross-linguistically valid category. In M. Haspelmath, & E. König (Eds.), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective: Structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms –adverbial participles, gerunds (pp. 3-55). Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Hercus, L. A. & Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Department of Linguistics. (1994). A grammar of the Arabana-Wangkangurru language Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia. Dept. Of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
  • Koç, S. (1988). Turkish adverb clauses on computer In S. Koç (Ed.), Studies on Turkish linguistics. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Turkish Linguistics (pp. 579-596). Middle East Technical University.
  • Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish. Routledge.
  • Legendre, G. (1990). French impersonal constructions. Natural Language and Linguistics Theory, 8, 81-128.
  • Lehmann, C. (1974). Prinzipien fur, Universal 14’. In H. Seiler (Ed.), Linguistic Workshop II (pp. 69-97). Wilhem Fink.
  • Lewis, G.L. (1986). Turkish grammar. Oxford University Press.
  • Schaub, W. (1985). Babungo. Croom Helm.
  • Slobin, D. I. (1995). Converbs in Turkish child language: The grammaticalization of event coherence. In M. Haspelmath & E. König (Eds.), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective. Structure and Meaning of Adverbial Verb Fırms- Adverbial participles, Gerunds (pp. 349-371). Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Thomason, S.G. & Longacre, R. E. (1985). Adverbial clauses. Language typology and syntactic constructions. Cambridge University Press.
  • Verstraete, J. C. (2004). Initial and final position of adverbial clauses in English: The constructional basis of the discursive and syntactic differences. Linguistics, 42, 819-853.
  • Wiechmann, D. & E. Kerz. (2013). The positioning of concessive adverbial clauses in English: Assessing the importance of discourse-pragmatic and processing-based constraints. English Language and Linguistics, 17(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674312000305
  • Zeyrek, D., Demirşahin, I., Sevdik-Çallı, Ayışığı, B. (2013). Turkish Discourse Bank: Porting a discourse annotation style to a morphologically rich language. Dialogue & Discourse. 4(2), 174-184. https://doi.org/10.5087/dad.2013.208
  • Zeyrek, D., & Kurfalı, M. (2018). TDB 1.1: Extensions on Turkish discourse bank. In Proceedings of the 11th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (pp. 76-81). Association for Computational Linguistics.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dilsel Yapılar (Fonoloji, Morfoloji ve Sözdizimi dahil)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Doğan Baydal 0000-0001-9392-4779

Emine Yarar 0000-0002-9300-9148

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Aralık 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2023
Kabul Tarihi 13 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Baydal, D., & Yarar, E. (2024). A Corpus Based Analysis of the Temporal Converb Clauses in Turkish. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(2), 349-365. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1335471


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