CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE DEPREMLERLE MÜCADELEDE KAMU POLİTİKALARININ ROLÜ

Öz

Türkiye coğrafi konumu ve yer şekilleri itibariyle afetlerin sık yaşandığı bir bölgedir. Geniş yüzölçümü nedeniyle aynı anda farklı coğrafi olaylar bir arada yaşanabilmektedir. Ayrıca nispeten genç jeolojik yapısı nedeniyle sıklıkla depremler yaşanmaktadır. Depremler ciddi can ve mal kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada cumhuriyetin ilanından bugüne Türkiye’de yaşanan depremler ve depremlerle mücadelede uygulanan kamu politikalarının neler olduğu Resmi Gazetede yayımlanmış şekliyle ele alınarak analiz edilecektir. Çalışmada içerik analizi yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. İçerik analizi yönteminde Resmi Gazetede deprem, zelzele ve sarsıntı kelimeleri ayrı ayrı arama kısmına yazılmıştır. Toplamda 402 başlıkta bu kavramların geçtiği düzenlemelerin yapıldığı görülmüştür. Çalışmada dönemsel ayrım 7 ve üzerinde şiddette depremlerin yaşandığı dönemlere göre yapılmıştır. Buna göre beş farklı döneme ayrılmıştır. Dönemler itibariyle belli spesifik ve genel düzenlemelerin yapıldığı görülmüştür. Zaman içerisinde depremlerle mücadelede belli bir olgunluğa erişilmişse de esasında can ve mal kayıplarının sayısı henüz istenilen seviyelerde olunmadığını göstermiştir. Depremlerle mücadelenin en önemli unsurları; uluslararasılaşma, katılım ve kurumsallaşma ve koordinasyondan oluşmaktadır. Türkiye’de kurumsal anlamda bir ilerleme kaydedilmiştir. Vatandaşların güveninin henüz istenilen noktada olmamasından dolayı katılımın da istenilen seviyelerde olmadığı görülmüştür. Kahramanmaraş Depreminde MTV iptali için Anayasa Mahkemesine başvurulması buna örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Deprem tecrübesi yüksek olan ülkelerden yeterince istifade edilemediği son depremdeki can kayıplarından anlaşılmaktadır. Koordinasyon konusunda da AFAD’ın sadece depremle ilgili değil deprem dışındaki işlerle de ilgilenmesi bir eksiklik olarak değerlendirilebilir. Çalışmada deprem ve kamu politikaları konusunda çalışma yapacak olanlara yardımcı olmak açısından literatür oluşturulması, ayrıca deprem konusunda daha önce yapılmış olan düzenlemelerden yararlanılarak gelecekte eksik görülen hususların tamamlanması konusunda politika yapıcılara yol gösterici öneriler sunulması hedeflenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afet
• Kamu Politikası
• Resmi Gazete
• İçerik Analizi

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC POLICIES IN COMBATING EARTHQUAKES DURING THE REPUBLIC PERIOD

Abstract

Turkey, situated in a region prone to frequent disasters due to its geographical location and diverse landforms, faces a variety of natural events simultaneously due to its vast surface area. One of the most significant challenges is the frequent occurrence of earthquakes, attributed to Turkey's relatively young and dynamic geological structure. These seismic events often result in substantial loss of life and property. This study delves into Turkey's earthquake history since the founding of the republic, examining the public policies enacted to mitigate earthquake risks as documented in the Official Gazette. Utilizing the content analysis method, the study specifically focuses on terms such as earthquake and tremor within the Gazette's publications. A thorough review revealed a total of 402 regulatory titles related to earthquake management. The analysis categorizes earthquake periods based on events of magnitude 7 and above, resulting in five distinct periods. Each reflects specific regulatory measures implemented in response to seismic activities. Despite notable advancements, in earthquake preparedness and response strategies over time, the persisting number of casualties and property damages indicates that the desired level of resilience hasn’t yet been achieved. Key elements crucial to effective earthquake management include international collaboration, community participation, institutionalization of policies, and coordination among relevant stakeholders. Turkey has made considerable progress in institutionalizing earthquake policies, although community participation remains an area needing improvement due to lingering trust issues among citizens. Notable incidents, such as the Constitutional Court appeal following Kahramanmaraş Earthquake regarding Motor Vehicle Tax (MTV), underscore challenges in public trust and response coordination. Recent earthquake's impact serves as a reminder that countries with extensive earthquake experience have valuable lessons to offer yet remain underutilized. This study aims to contribute to existing literature on earthquake management and public policy by offering practical insights to policymakers for addressing ongoing challenges and building upon past regulations to enhance future earthquake resilience.

Keywords

• Disaster
• Public policy
• Official gazette

Kaynakça

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