Araştırma Makalesi

THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE

Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28 14 Ekim 2026
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THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE

Öz

This study aims to translate the Gender Discrimination Inventory (GDI), which consists of two scales, originally developed by Kira et al. (2015), into Turkish and assess its psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity in a Turkish sample. The inventory consists of the Gender Discrimination Scale (GDS) and the Gender Discrimination Coping Scale (GDCS). Data were collected from 673 adult women aged 20-64 years. The Brislin back-translation method was used to translate the scale. The psychometric properties of the GDI were then assessed in terms of construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), criterion-related validity (correlation analyses), measurement invariance (multigroup confirmatory factor analysis), and reliability measures (McDonald’s omega, Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency, and test-retest correlation coefficients). The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed that the original three-factor structure of both measurement instruments was preserved in the sample of adult Turkish women without any item omissions. Criteria-related validity tests demonstrated that an increase in the level of perceived gender discrimination was significantly associated with a decrease in self-esteem; in the context of coping strategies, the internalization and conflict subscales showed a negative correlation with self-esteem, while the resistance subscale exhibited a positive correlation. Additionally, the results of the multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that structural and metric invariance were established for both scales with respect to age and marital status. Concerning employment status, the analysis revealed structural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance for the GDS, and structural, metric, and scalar invariance for the GDCS. Reliability analyses generally demonstrated that the total scale scores and the majority of the subscales exhibited satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The results of the statistical analyses provided satisfactory evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the Turkish versions of the scales in the present sample of adult women.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Albayrak, S., & Gülnar, E. (2018). Validity and reliability study of Turkish version of the schedule of sexist events. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4(22), 4155-4163. https://doi.org/10.26449/sssj.862
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  3. Basford, T., Offermann, L., & Behrend, T. (2014). Do you see what I see? Perceptions of gender microaggressions in the workplace. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(3), 340-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313511420
  4. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
  5. Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
  6. Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
  7. Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
  8. Coster, W. J., & Mancini, M. C. (2015). Recommendations for translation and cross-cultural adaptation of instruments for occupational therapy research and practice. Revista de Terapia Ocupacional da Universidade de São Paulo, 26(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-6149.v26i1p50-57

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Klinik ve Sağlık Psikolojisi (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

14 Ekim 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

15 Haziran 2026

Kabul Tarihi

2 Ekim 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APA
Dündar, A. H., & Harlak, H. (2026). THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(28), 159-180. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1971095
AMA
1.Dündar AH, Harlak H. THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE. Humanitas. 2026;14(28):159-180. doi:10.20304/humanitas.1971095
Chicago
Dündar, Ayşe Hazal, ve Hacer Harlak. 2026. “THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE”. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14 (28): 159-80. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1971095.
EndNote
Dündar AH, Harlak H (01 Ekim 2026) THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14 28 159–180.
IEEE
[1]A. H. Dündar ve H. Harlak, “THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE”, Humanitas, c. 14, sy 28, ss. 159–180, Eki. 2026, doi: 10.20304/humanitas.1971095.
ISNAD
Dündar, Ayşe Hazal - Harlak, Hacer. “THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE”. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14/28 (01 Ekim 2026): 159-180. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1971095.
JAMA
1.Dündar AH, Harlak H. THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE. Humanitas. 2026;14:159–180.
MLA
Dündar, Ayşe Hazal, ve Hacer Harlak. “THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE”. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 14, sy 28, Ekim 2026, ss. 159-80, doi:10.20304/humanitas.1971095.
Vancouver
1.Ayşe Hazal Dündar, Hacer Harlak. THE TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER DISCRIMINATION INVENTORY (GDI): RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE. Humanitas. 01 Ekim 2026;14(28):159-80. doi:10.20304/humanitas.1971095