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MAURICE: THROUGH THE LENSES OF LACANIAN “MIRROR, MIRROR, ON THE WALL…”

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17, 372 - 392, 15.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.772736

Öz

Maurice, a bildungsroman by E. M. Forster, revolves around the theme of homosexuality. By presenting homosexual characters, who are on a futile quest for their actual identity, Forster attempts to be the voice of the unspeakables in the Edwardian period in England, where all acts of homosexuality were considered illegal. In this paper, the identity of the characters is analysed through the lenses of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory by focusing on the concept of mirror. This paper attempts to reveal to what extent cultural codes and societal norms of the Edwardian period are functional in forming the identity of the characters. Besides, this study uncovers that Forster wisely uses Lacanian concepts such as imaginary order, symbolic order and real order in creating his characters. It is concluded that the mirror, which reflects the actual self of the characters, just like dreams and music, plays a significant role in (re)forming the identities from compulsory heterosexuality to voluntary homosexuality. 

Kaynakça

  • Alban, G. M. E. (2017). The medusa gaze in contemporary women’s fiction: Petrifying, maternal and redemptive. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Ashmore, R. D. & Del Boca, F. K. & Wohlers, J. A. (1986). Gender stereotypes. In R. D. Ashmore and F. K. Del Boca (Eds.), The social psychology of female-male relations: A critical analysis of central concepts. New York: Academic Press.
  • Barber, K. (1991). I could speak until tomorrow: Oriki, women and the past in a Yoruba town. Manchester: International African Institute.
  • Beauvoir, S. de. (1973). The second sex. (H. M. Parshley, Trans.). New York: Vintage.
  • Bolling, D. (1974). The distanced heart: Artistry in E. M. Forster’s Maurice. Modern Fiction Studies, 20(2), 157-167.
  • Booker, M. K. (1996). A practical introduction to literary theory and criticism. New York: Longman.
  • Bracher, M. (1993). Lacan, discourse, and social change: A psychoanalytic cultural criticism. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Buck, R. A. (1996). Reading Forster’s style: Face actions and social scripts in Maurice. Style, 30(1), 69-94.
  • Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of Sex. New York: Routledge.
  • Cohen, Ed. (1995). The double lives of man: Narration and identification in late nineteenth-century representations of ec-centric masculinities. In S. Ledger & S. Mc-Cracken (Eds.), Cultural politics at the fin de siècle. (pp. 85-114) Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
  • Forster, E. M. (1971). Maurice. England: Penguin Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality: An introduction Vol. 1. New York: Random House.
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Herculine Barbin. New York: Random House.
  • Freud, S. (1913). The Interpretation of dreams. (A. A. Brill, Trans.). New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • Freud, S. (1914). On narcissism. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (1914-1916): On the history of psychoanalytic movement, papers on metapsychology and other works. (pp. 67-102) UK: Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1960). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (1923-1925): The ego and the id and other works. UK: Hogarth Press.
  • Furbank, P.N. (1978). E. M. Forster: A life. Vol. 1. New York: Harcourt.
  • Hartree, A. (1996). A passion that few English minds have admitted: Homosexuality and Englishness in E. M. Forster’s Maurice, Paragraph, 19(2), 127-138.
  • Horner, T. (1978). Jonathan loved David: Homosexuality in biblical times. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
  • Jenkins, R. (2008). Social identity. (3rd Ed.). London & New York: Routledge.
  • Katz, A. P. (1986). Gender identity: Development and consequences. In Ashmore, R. D. and Del Boca, F. K. (Eds.), The social psychology of female-male relations: A critical analysis of central concepts. (pp. 21-67) New York: Academic Press.
  • Keeling, B. L. (2003). No trace of presence: Tchaikovsky and the sixth in Forster’s Maurice. Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature, 36(1), 85-101.
  • Kelbelová, D. (2006). Forbidden sexuality in the early twentieth century literature: E. M. Forster, D. H. Lawrence and Forrest Reid. (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). University of Pardubice, Czech Republic.
  • Kermode, F. (2009). Concerning E. M. Forster. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Lacan, J. (1949). The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience. In J. Storey (Ed.), Cultural theory and popular culture. A reader, (2006), (pp. 287-292). London: Pearson Publication.
  • Lacan, J. (1958). The signification of the phallus. In V. B. Leitch (Ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism, (2001). (pp. 1302-1311). USA: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  • Lacan, J. (1988). The seminars of Jacques Lacan: Book II. S. Tomaselli (Trans.). Miller, J. A. (Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Markley, A. A. (2001). E. M. Forster’s reconfigured gaze and the creation of a homoerotic subjectivity. Twentieth Century Literature, 47(2), 268-292.
  • Martland, A. (1999). E. M. Forster: Passion and prose. London: Gay Men’s Press.
  • McCall, G. J. & Simmons, J. L. (1978). Identities and interactions. New York: Free Press.
  • Moffat, W. (2010). A Great unrecorded history: A new life of E. M. Forster. New York: Picador.
  • Peppis, P. (2014). Homosexual bildung and sexological modernism in Havelock Ellis and John A. Symonds’s Sexual Inversion and E. M. Forster’s Maurice. In Peppis, P. (Eds.), Sciences of modernism. New York: Cambridge UP.
  • Ragland-Sullivan, E. (1986). Jacques Lacan and the philosophy of psychoanalysis. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Roudinesco, E. (1990). Jacques Lacan & Co.: A history of psychoanalysis in France, 1925-1985. (J. Mehlman, Trans.). London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Schwarz, D. R. (1983). The originality of E. M. Forster, Modern Fiction Studies, 29(4), 623-641.
  • Sheikh, F. A. (2017). Subjectivity, desire and theory: Reading Lacan, Cogent Arts & Humanities, 4(1), 1-12.
  • Sinfield, A. (1994). The Wilde century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde, and the queer moment. between men - between women: Lesbian and gay studies. New York: Columbia UP.
  • Spence, J. T. (1985). Gender Identity and Its Implications for the Concepts of Masculinity and Femininity. Psychology and gender, 32, 59-79.
  • Tajfel, H. (1982) Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; and Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme.
  • Toda, M. Á. (2001). The construction of male-male relationships in the Edwardian Age: E. M. Forster’s Maurice, H. A. Vachell’s The Hill, and Public School Ideology, Atlantis, 23(2), 133-145.
  • Weeks, J. (1990). Coming Out: Homosexual politics in Britain from the nineteenth century to the present. London: Quartet.
  • Wilper, J. P. (2016). Reconsidering the emergence of the gay novel in English and German. West Lafayetta: Purdue University Press.

MAURICE: LACANCI BAKIŞ AÇISIYLA “AYNA, AYNA, GÜZEL AYNA …”

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17, 372 - 392, 15.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.772736

Öz

Bir bildungsroman olarak E. M. Forster tarafından kaleme alınan Maurice konusunu homoseksüellikten alır. Gerçek kimliklerini bulabilmek için anlamsız bir arayışa giren homoseksüel karakterleri sergileyerek, Forster aslında her türlü homoseksüel eylemin kanunsuz kabul edildiği Edward dönemi İngiltere’sinde “konuşamayanlar”ın sesi olmaya çalışır. Bu çalışmada homoseksüel karakterlerin, özellikle kahraman Maurice’in kimliği, psikanalitik yaklaşıma göre Fransız psikiyatrist ve psikanaliz Jacques Marie Émile Lacan (1901-1981) tarafından öne sürülen ayna kavramı ele alınarak incelenmektedir. Homoseksüellik ve heteroseksüellik arasına net sınır çizgileri çizerek, bu çalışma aynı zamanda homoseksüel karakterlerin kimliklerini (yeniden) oluşturmada Edward döneminin kültürel kodları ve sosyal normlarının ne ölçüde etkili olduklarını ortaya çıkarmaya çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma Forster’ın homoseksüel karakterleri yaratırken ne kadar akıllıca Lacan’ın imgesel, sembolik ve gerçeklik dönem gibi kavramlarını kullandığını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışma karakterlerin gerçek kimliği yansıtan aynanın tıpkı rüyalar ve müzik gibi, zorunlu heteroseksüellikten gönüllü homoseksüelliğe geçen karakterlerin kimliklerini (yeniden) şekillendirmede önemli bir rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır. 

Kaynakça

  • Alban, G. M. E. (2017). The medusa gaze in contemporary women’s fiction: Petrifying, maternal and redemptive. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Ashmore, R. D. & Del Boca, F. K. & Wohlers, J. A. (1986). Gender stereotypes. In R. D. Ashmore and F. K. Del Boca (Eds.), The social psychology of female-male relations: A critical analysis of central concepts. New York: Academic Press.
  • Barber, K. (1991). I could speak until tomorrow: Oriki, women and the past in a Yoruba town. Manchester: International African Institute.
  • Beauvoir, S. de. (1973). The second sex. (H. M. Parshley, Trans.). New York: Vintage.
  • Bolling, D. (1974). The distanced heart: Artistry in E. M. Forster’s Maurice. Modern Fiction Studies, 20(2), 157-167.
  • Booker, M. K. (1996). A practical introduction to literary theory and criticism. New York: Longman.
  • Bracher, M. (1993). Lacan, discourse, and social change: A psychoanalytic cultural criticism. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Buck, R. A. (1996). Reading Forster’s style: Face actions and social scripts in Maurice. Style, 30(1), 69-94.
  • Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of Sex. New York: Routledge.
  • Cohen, Ed. (1995). The double lives of man: Narration and identification in late nineteenth-century representations of ec-centric masculinities. In S. Ledger & S. Mc-Cracken (Eds.), Cultural politics at the fin de siècle. (pp. 85-114) Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
  • Forster, E. M. (1971). Maurice. England: Penguin Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality: An introduction Vol. 1. New York: Random House.
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Herculine Barbin. New York: Random House.
  • Freud, S. (1913). The Interpretation of dreams. (A. A. Brill, Trans.). New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • Freud, S. (1914). On narcissism. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (1914-1916): On the history of psychoanalytic movement, papers on metapsychology and other works. (pp. 67-102) UK: Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1960). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (1923-1925): The ego and the id and other works. UK: Hogarth Press.
  • Furbank, P.N. (1978). E. M. Forster: A life. Vol. 1. New York: Harcourt.
  • Hartree, A. (1996). A passion that few English minds have admitted: Homosexuality and Englishness in E. M. Forster’s Maurice, Paragraph, 19(2), 127-138.
  • Horner, T. (1978). Jonathan loved David: Homosexuality in biblical times. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
  • Jenkins, R. (2008). Social identity. (3rd Ed.). London & New York: Routledge.
  • Katz, A. P. (1986). Gender identity: Development and consequences. In Ashmore, R. D. and Del Boca, F. K. (Eds.), The social psychology of female-male relations: A critical analysis of central concepts. (pp. 21-67) New York: Academic Press.
  • Keeling, B. L. (2003). No trace of presence: Tchaikovsky and the sixth in Forster’s Maurice. Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature, 36(1), 85-101.
  • Kelbelová, D. (2006). Forbidden sexuality in the early twentieth century literature: E. M. Forster, D. H. Lawrence and Forrest Reid. (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). University of Pardubice, Czech Republic.
  • Kermode, F. (2009). Concerning E. M. Forster. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Lacan, J. (1949). The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience. In J. Storey (Ed.), Cultural theory and popular culture. A reader, (2006), (pp. 287-292). London: Pearson Publication.
  • Lacan, J. (1958). The signification of the phallus. In V. B. Leitch (Ed.), The Norton anthology of theory and criticism, (2001). (pp. 1302-1311). USA: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  • Lacan, J. (1988). The seminars of Jacques Lacan: Book II. S. Tomaselli (Trans.). Miller, J. A. (Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Markley, A. A. (2001). E. M. Forster’s reconfigured gaze and the creation of a homoerotic subjectivity. Twentieth Century Literature, 47(2), 268-292.
  • Martland, A. (1999). E. M. Forster: Passion and prose. London: Gay Men’s Press.
  • McCall, G. J. & Simmons, J. L. (1978). Identities and interactions. New York: Free Press.
  • Moffat, W. (2010). A Great unrecorded history: A new life of E. M. Forster. New York: Picador.
  • Peppis, P. (2014). Homosexual bildung and sexological modernism in Havelock Ellis and John A. Symonds’s Sexual Inversion and E. M. Forster’s Maurice. In Peppis, P. (Eds.), Sciences of modernism. New York: Cambridge UP.
  • Ragland-Sullivan, E. (1986). Jacques Lacan and the philosophy of psychoanalysis. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Roudinesco, E. (1990). Jacques Lacan & Co.: A history of psychoanalysis in France, 1925-1985. (J. Mehlman, Trans.). London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Schwarz, D. R. (1983). The originality of E. M. Forster, Modern Fiction Studies, 29(4), 623-641.
  • Sheikh, F. A. (2017). Subjectivity, desire and theory: Reading Lacan, Cogent Arts & Humanities, 4(1), 1-12.
  • Sinfield, A. (1994). The Wilde century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde, and the queer moment. between men - between women: Lesbian and gay studies. New York: Columbia UP.
  • Spence, J. T. (1985). Gender Identity and Its Implications for the Concepts of Masculinity and Femininity. Psychology and gender, 32, 59-79.
  • Tajfel, H. (1982) Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; and Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme.
  • Toda, M. Á. (2001). The construction of male-male relationships in the Edwardian Age: E. M. Forster’s Maurice, H. A. Vachell’s The Hill, and Public School Ideology, Atlantis, 23(2), 133-145.
  • Weeks, J. (1990). Coming Out: Homosexual politics in Britain from the nineteenth century to the present. London: Quartet.
  • Wilper, J. P. (2016). Reconsidering the emergence of the gay novel in English and German. West Lafayetta: Purdue University Press.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Tüm Sayı
Yazarlar

Dilek Tüfekci Can 0000-0001-8067-6032

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

APA Tüfekci Can, D. (2021). MAURICE: THROUGH THE LENSES OF LACANIAN “MIRROR, MIRROR, ON THE WALL…”. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(17), 372-392. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.772736