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AN EVALUATION ON THE VALUE OF THE CHILD AS ‘PROSPECTIVE HUMAN CAPITAL’ IN TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 24, 335 - 357, 15.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1536284

Öz

This study examines the cultural value of the child in Türkiye at the intersection of the increasing importance of human capital and the ideology of intensive parenting. After introducing the concept of human capital in the first section, ‘intensive parenting’ is discussed as an incentive mechanism for investment in the human capital of the child. Accordingly, the development of human capital, which represents the present activities that accumulate, develop and influence future well-being, forms the basis of both public policy on the macro level and the cultural perception of the child on the micro level through the ideology of 'intensive parenting', which requires more time, energy and financial resources to be devoted to emotionally priceless child. The second section examines changes in children's time use and the resources allocated to their education, which are human capital indicators, using descriptive data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) and the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) after the 2012-13 academic year, the year of transition to the 4+4+4 education system, to illustrate this trend in Turkiye. In contrast to the decline in child labour rates and child participation in household reproduction, there has been a growing tendency for children to engage in goal-oriented activities with parents in the household and in hobbies. Schooling rates in different educational levels have increased, and investements in education investments have steadily risen with the support of both the public and households. As a result, it is suggested that the view that the child is useful for their human capital, the economicisation that accompanies the psychologicalisation of the meaning attributed to the child and the child’s human capitalisation have found a place in Türkiye.

Kaynakça

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  • Balta, E. (2005). Bitmeyen çocukluk, erken yetişkinlik ve yeni kapitalizm. Birikim Dergisi, 192, 20-28.
  • Bandelj, N. (2023). America's parenting economy: How the ideal of parental investment scaffolds family‐hostile policy. Sociological Forum, Vol. 38, No. 4: 1349-1360. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12948 Bandelj, N., & Grigoryeva, A. (2021). Investment, saving, and borrowing for children: Trends by wealth, race, and ethnicity, 1998–2016. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 7(3), 50-77. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2021.7.3.03.
  • Bandelj, N., & Spiegel, M. (2023). Pricing the priceless child 2.0: children as human capital investment. Theory and Society, 52(5), 805-830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-022-09508-x.
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TÜRKİYE’DE ‘GELECEK BEŞERÎ SERMAYE’ OLARAK ÇOCUĞUN DEĞERİNE DAİR BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 24, 335 - 357, 15.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1536284

Öz

Bu çalışma Türkiye’de çocuğun kültürel değerini, beşerî sermayenin artan önemi ve yoğun ebeveynlik ideolojisinin kesişiminde incelemektedir. İlk bölümde beşerî sermaye kavramı tanıtıldıktan sonra, çocuğun beşerî sermayesine yatırımın teşvik mekanizması olarak ‘yoğun ebeveynlik’ tartışılmaktadır. Buna göre birikerek gelişen ve gelecek refahı etkileyen şimdiki zaman faaliyetlerini temsil eden beşerî sermayenin geliştirilmesi fikrinin sadece makro düzeyde değil, psikolojik değeri öne çıkan çocuğa daha fazla zaman, enerji ve finansal kaynak ayırmayı gerektiren ‘yoğun ebeveynlik’ ideolojisinin desteğiyle mikro düzeyde de bulduğu karşılık hem kamu politikasına hem de çocuğun kültürel olarak algılanma biçimine temel oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, 4+4+4 eğitim sistemine geçiş yılı olan 2012-13 eğitim öğretim yılı sonrasında Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK) ve Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB) tarafından yayınlanan tanımlayıcı istatistiki veriler üzerinden Türkiye’de çocuğun zaman kullanımındaki değişmeye ve beşerî sermaye göstergelerinden eğitime ayrılan kaynağın niteliğine bakılmaktadır. Çocuk işçiliği oranlarında ve çocuğun hanenin yeniden üretimine katılımındaki düşüşe karşılık hanede ebeveynle amaç odaklı etkinliklerde bulunma ve hobi etkinliklerine katılma eğiliminin yaygınlaştığı, farklı eğitim kademelerinde net okullaşma oranlarının yükseldiği ve eğitim yatırımlarının kamu ve hanehalkının desteğiyle düzenli bir şekilde arttığı gösterilmektedir. Sonuçta, Türkiye’de çocuğun beşerî sermayesi için yararlı olduğu görüşünün, çocuğa atfedilen anlamdaki psikolojikleşmeye eşlik eden ekonomikleşmenin ve çocuğun beşerî sermayeleşmesinin kendine yer bulduğuna işaret edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

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  • Arzuk, D. (2020). Accidents waiting to happen: news coverage of children’s health and safety in Turkey in the 1980s and 1990s. Families, Relationships and Societies, 9(1): 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1332/204674319X15698298303569
  • Attanasio, O., Cattan, S., & Meghir, C. (2022). Early childhood development, human capital, and poverty. Annual Review of Economics, 14(1), 853-892. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-092821-053234
  • Aydın, M. B. (Ed.). (2024). Eğitim İzleme Raporu 2023 (Alan İzleme Raporları: 2024/17). İLKE İlim Kültür Eğitim Vakfı.
  • Ball, S. J. (2010). New class inequalities in education. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 30(3/4), 155-166.
  • Balta, E. (2005). Bitmeyen çocukluk, erken yetişkinlik ve yeni kapitalizm. Birikim Dergisi, 192, 20-28.
  • Bandelj, N. (2023). America's parenting economy: How the ideal of parental investment scaffolds family‐hostile policy. Sociological Forum, Vol. 38, No. 4: 1349-1360. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12948 Bandelj, N., & Grigoryeva, A. (2021). Investment, saving, and borrowing for children: Trends by wealth, race, and ethnicity, 1998–2016. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 7(3), 50-77. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2021.7.3.03.
  • Bandelj, N., & Spiegel, M. (2023). Pricing the priceless child 2.0: children as human capital investment. Theory and Society, 52(5), 805-830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-022-09508-x.
  • Barr, J., de Souza, M., Harrison, C., Hyde, B., Van Vliet, H., & Saltmarsh, S. (2012). Parenting the ‘Millennium Child’: choice, responsibility and playing it safe in uncertain times. Global Studies of Childhood, 2(4), 302-318. https://doi.org/10.2304/gsch.2012.2.4.302.
  • Beck-Gernsheim, E. (1996) Life as a planning project. S. Lash, B. Szerszynski and B. Wynne (eds) Risk, Environment and Modernity: Towards a New Ecology içinde (ss. 139-154), Sage.
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of political economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49.
  • Becker, G. S. (1969). An economic analysis of fertility. N. B. o. E. Research (Ed.) Demographic and economic change in developed countries, a conference of the universities içinde (ss. 209-240). Columbia University Press.
  • Bell, D. (1972). On meritocracy and equality. Public Interest, 29: 29-68.
  • Bell, D. (1999). The Coming of post-industrial society: A venture in social forecasting. Basic Books. Beşpınar, F. U. & Aybars, A. İ. (2013). Erken yaşlarda çocuk refahı ve kadın istihdamı politika belgesi. UNICEF.
  • Bianchi, S. M. (2000). Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37, 401–414.
  • Boratav, K. (2003). Türkiye’nin iktisat tarihi: 1908–2002. İmge.
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  • Ishizuka, P. (2019). Social class, gender, and contemporary parenting standards in the United States: Evidence from a national survey experiment. Social Forces 98: 1: 31–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy107.
  • İlkkaracan, İ. (2012) Why so few women in the labor market in Turkey? Feminist Economics, 18(1), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2011.649358.
  • İnal, K. (2013). Neoliberal eğitim ve yeni ilköğretim müfredatının eleştirisi. Praksis 14: 265-287. Jackson, S. & Scott, S. (2000). Risk anxiety and the social construction of childhood. D. Lupton (eds) Risk and Sociocultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives içinde (ss. 86-108). Cambridge University Press.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: a three‐decade portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology, 54(3): 317–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00213.x.
  • Kandiyoti, D. & Emanet, Z. (2017). Education as battleground: The capture of minds in Turkey. Globalizations, 4(6): 869-876. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2017.1325170.
  • Katz, C. (2008). Childhood as spectacle: Relays of anxiety and the reconfiguration of the child. Cultural Geographies, 15(1):5–17.
  • Kornrich, S., & Furstenberg, F. (2013). Investing in children: Changes in parental spending on children. 1972–2007. Demography, 50(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0146-4
  • Lareau, A. (2002) Invisible inequality: Social class and childrearing in black families and white families. American Sociological Review, 67 (5): 747-776. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240206700507.
  • Lawler, S. (2001). Mothering the self: mothers, daughters, subjects. Routledge. Lee, E., Bristow, J., Faircloth, C. and Macvarish, J. (2014) Parenting Culture Studies. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Marginson, S. (2019). Limitations of human capital theory. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1359823
  • Meyer, A. (2007). The moral rhetoric of childhood. Childhood, Vol 14(1): 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568207072532.
  • Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB). (2023). Millî Eğitim İstatistikleri Örgün Eğitim 2022/2023.
  • Nadesan, M. H. (2002). Engineering the entrepreneurial infant: Brain science, infant development toys, and governmentality. Cultural studies, 16(3), 401-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380210128315.
  • Nussbaum, M. (2011). Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Harvard University Press. Ogawa, K. & Tansel, A. (2005) Transition from education to labor market in Turkey, Journal of International Cooperation Studies, 12(3):113-143.
  • Özbey, Ö. (2020). PISA Sonuçları Türkiye’deki eğitim eşitsizliği hakkında neler söylüyor? Alanyazın, 1(2), 85-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22596/ cresjournal.0102.85.98.
  • Özer, M., Gençoğlu, C., & Suna, E. (2020). Türkiye’de eğitimde eşitsizlikleri azaltmak için uygulanan politikalar. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 39(2), 294-312.
  • Öztan, E. (2014). Domesticity of neoliberalism: Family, sexuality and gender, in I. Akça, A. Bekmen and B.A. Özden (eds) Türkiye Reframed, PlutoPress, pp. 174-187.
  • Öztan, E. (2015) Annelik, söylem ve siyaset, Cogito: 81, 91-104.
  • Öztan, G. G. (2011). Türkiye’de çocukluğun politik inşası. Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Rodriguez-Pose, A. (2012). Trade and regional inequality. Economic Geography 88(2), 109–136.
  • Rosen, R., & Faircloth, C. (2020). Adult-child relations in neoliberal times: Insights from a dialogue across childhood and parenting culture studies. Families, Relationships and Societies, 9(1), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1332/204674319X15764492732806.
  • Sadıkoğlu, Z. Z. (2021). Risk bilinçli annelik: Uzman risk söylemlerinin annelik deneyimi üzerindeki etkisi. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 41(1), 43-71. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2021.41.1.0016.
  • Sadıkoğlu, Z. Z. (2023). Yeni Anneliğin Sosyolojisi - Postmodern Zamanda Anne Olmak. Alfa.
  • Sadıkoğlu, Z. Z., & Erdoğan Coşkun, A. (2024). Being ‘a good mother’in Türkiye: negotiating expert advice and intensive motherhood. Families, Relationships and Societies, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1332/20467435Y2023D000000009.
  • Saracoğlu, D. Ş., & Karaoğlan, D. (2016). Early Childhood Develpment and Human Capital Formation: The Case of Turkey in Global Perspektive. Economic Research Center.
  • Saraç, H. (2017). Türkiye’de okul dışı öğrenme ortamlarına ilişkin yapılan araştırmalar: İçerik analizi çalışması. Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 60-81.
  • Sen, A. (1992). Inequality Re-examined. Clarendon Press.
  • Sieben, A. & Yıldırır, A. (2020). Cultural spaces of popularized psychological knowledge: Attachment parenting in Turkey, Culture & Psychology, 26(3): 335-357.
  • Taylor, B. A., Dearing, E., & McCartney, K. (2004). Incomes and outcomes in early childhood. Journal of Human Resources, 39(4), 980-1007. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.XXXIX.4.980.
  • Toprak, D., Ağcakaya, S., & Gül, H. (2016). Sosyal devlet yaklaşımı açısından Türkiye’de 1980 sonrası eğitim harcamalarının analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 123-165. https://doi.org/10.24988/deuiibf.2016311521.
  • Touraine, A. (1971). The Post-industrial society-tomorrow’s social history: Classes, conflicts and culture in the programmed society. Random House.
  • Turner, J. D. (2022). Freedom to aspire: Black children’s career dreams, perceived aspirational supports, and Africentric values. Race Ethnicity and Education, 25(1), 128-153.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK), UNICEF & T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı (ASHB). (2022). Türkiye Çocuk Araştırması.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK). (2023b). İstatistiklerle Çocuk. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Cocuk-2023-53679
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK). (2012, 2019). Çocuk İşgücü Anketi. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Child-Labour-Force-Survey-2019-33807
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK). (2021, 2022). Eğitim Harcamaları İstatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Egitim-Harcamalari-Istatistikleri-2022-49574
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK). (2023a). Doğum İstatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dogum-Istatistikleri-2023-53708#:~:text=Kaba%20do%C4%9Fum%20h%C4%B1z%C4%B1%20binde%2011,y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda%2011%2C2%20do%C4%9Fum%20d%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK). (2023c). İstatistiklerle Kadın. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Kadin-2023-53675
  • Uçan, O., & Yeşilyurt, H. (2016). Türkiye’de eğitim harcamaları ve büyüme ilişkisi. Niğde Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Dergisi, 9(2), 179-185.
  • Ulutaş, Ç. Ü., & Ulutaş, T. B. (2019). Türkiye’nin çocuk işçiliği politikası: Kamu politikası süreç analizi. Çalışma ve Toplum, 4(63), 2565-2584.
  • Wall, G. (2004) Is your child's brain potential maximized? Mothering in an age of new brain research. Atlantis, Volume 28 (2), 41-50.
  • Wall, G. (2010). Mothers' experiences with intensive parenting and brain development discourse. Women's Studies International Forum, Vol. 33, No. 3, 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.02.019.
  • Werding, M. (2014). Children are costly, but raising them may pay: The economic approach to fertility. Demographic Research, 30(8), 253–276. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.8.
  • Wolf, J. (2011). Is breast best? Taking on the breastfeeding experts and the new high stakes of motherhood. New York University Press.
  • Wulczyn, F., Parolini, A., & Huhr, S. (2021). Human capital and child protection: A research framework in the CRC context. Child Abuse & Neglect, 119, 104610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104610.
  • Zelizer, V. (1985). Pricing the priceless child: The changing social value of children. Princeton University Press. Zeybekoğlu, Ö. (2013). Günümüzde erkeklerin gözünden babalık ve aile. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 3(2), 297-328. https://doi.org/10.13114/MJH/201322486.
Toplam 88 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Aile Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Tüm Sayı
Yazarlar

Zehra Zeynep Sadıkoğlu 0000-0003-0251-6652

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 8 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA Sadıkoğlu, Z. Z. (2024). TÜRKİYE’DE ‘GELECEK BEŞERÎ SERMAYE’ OLARAK ÇOCUĞUN DEĞERİNE DAİR BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(24), 335-357. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1536284