Practical Design of Stepped Spillways Using Machine Learning Methods and Fuzzy Inference System

Öz

Energy-dissipating pools or flip bucket structures reduce the energy of downstream flow in conventional spillways. Recently, stepped spillways have been widely used to dissipate the flow of energy downstream. Flows on the stepped spillways are complex and advanced techniques such as Fuzzy Logic (FL), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Genetic Programming (GP), Deep Learning, and Tree-Based models are required to calculate energy dissipation ratios. Fuzzy Logic has the advantage of considering physical processes when examining problems using rule bases. In this study, energy dissipation over stepped spillways is calculated using machine learning methods and the Fuzzy Inference System in Python programming language. Experimental data by different researchers are used to model stepped spillways. Two new parameters, such as an approach channel and step-top geometric ratios, are used in addition to the literature to obtain energy dissipation ratios on stepped spillways. Artificial Neural Network Regressor (ANN) from machine learning methods gives minimum percentages and absolute errors (-0.117% and 1.398) and maximum R^2 values (0.976) for the testing dataset. Although the accuracy of the ANN method changes with hidden layer sizes and ratios between training and testing data, the Fuzzy Logic (FL) is independent to training data. The FL method represents good results with low Mean Percentages Error (MPE) and Mean Absolute Errors (MAE) (-1.688% and 2.000) and an R^2 value (0.951), and the produced Python function using the fuzzy inference system can be applied easily to different flow conditions and stepped spillways.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Stepped spillways
• energy dissipation
• skfuzzy
• fuzzy logic
• artificial neural network regressor
• machine learning methods.

Makine Öğrenme Yöntemleri ve Bulanık Çıkarım Sistemi Kullanılarak Basamaklı Dolusavakların Pratik Tasarımı

Öz

Enerji sönümleyici havuzlar veya sıçratma eşiği yapıları, klasik dolusavakların mansabındaki akım enerjisini sönümlemektedir. Son yıllarda, akım enerjisini sönümlemek amacıyla basamaklı dolusavaklar yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Basamaklı dolusavaklardaki akım karmaşık olup enerji sönümleme oranlarını hesaplamak için ileri tekniklere sahip Bulanık Mantık (BM), Yapay Sinir Ağları Uyarlamalı - Bulanık Çıkarım Sistemi (YSA- BÇS), Yapay Sinir Ağları (YSA), Genetik Programlama (GP), Derin Öğrenme ve Ağaç Tabanlı modeller kullanılmaktadır. BM, kural tabanları kullanarak problemleri incelerken fiziksel süreçleri göz önünde bulundurabilme avantajına sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Python programlama dilinde makine öğrenmesi yöntemleri ve Bulanık Çıkarım Sistemi kullanılarak basamaklı dolusavakların enerji sönümleme oranları hesaplanmıştır. Basamaklı dolusavakları modellemek için farklı araştırmacıların deneysel verileri kullanılmıştır. Basamaklı dolusavaklarda enerji sönümleme oranlarını tahmin edebilmek için literatürde kullanılan parametrelere ek olarak yaklaşım kanalı ve basamak üstü geometrik oranları gibi iki yeni parametre kullanılmıştır. Makine öğrenmesi yöntemlerinden YSA ile test veri seti için minimum yüzde ve mutlak hata (-% 0.117 ve 1.398) ve maksimum R^2 değerleri (0.976) elde edilmiştir. YSA yönteminin doğruluğu gizli katman boyutları ve eğitim-test veri oranlarıyla değişse de Bulanık Mantık (BM) yönteminin sonuçları eğitim verilerinden bağımsızdır. BM yönteminde düşük ortalama yüzdelik ve mutlak hatalar (% -1.688 ve 2.000) ve 0.951 R^2 değeri ile iyi sonuçlar elde edilmiştir ve BM yöntemi kullanılarak üretilen Python fonksiyonu farklı akış koşullarına ve basamaklı dolusavaklara kolayca uygulanabilme imkânına sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Basamaklı dolusavak
• Enerji sönümleme
• skfuzzy
• Bulanık mantık
• yapay sinir ağı regresörü
• makine öğrenmesi yöntemleri.

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