The Risk Behaviors of High School Students and Causes Thereof: A Qualitative Study

Öz

This study searchs the causes of risk behaviors committed by adolescents, the risk factors in their lives and the protective factors against such risks. This qualitative study has been developed in a phenomenological design. As such, the data has been collected through interviews with a total of 47 students. A semi-structured interview, prepared in line with the theoretical information, was utilized in this study.  The data is analyzed by using content analysis method. The results have been considered under the general features such as family and friend relations, whereas the causes revealed with effect to each dimension of risk behavior’s have been assessed under the light of the respective literature. In addition, it can be said that risk behavior predicts risk behavior, in other words, risk behavior can cause another risk behavior. Therefore, school-based prevention programs will be beneficial in order to prevent risk behaviors.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• alcohol and cigarette use,eating habits,suicide tendency,school dropout,drug use,antisocial behavior,adolescence

Lise Öğrencilerinde Riskli Davranışlar ve Nedenleri: Nitel Bir Çalışma

Öz

Bu araştırmada ergenlerin riskli davranışlarının nedenleri, yaşamlarındaki risk faktörleri ve ergenleri koruyucu faktörler incelenmiştir. Olgu bilim desenin kullanıldığı bu nitel çalışmada okul psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik servislerinin her bir risk alanına göre riskli davranış sergilediğini ileri sürdükleri toplam 47 öğrenciyle görüşmeler yapılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmada kuramsal bilgiler ışığında hazırlanan yarı yapılandırılmış bir görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Veriler içerik analizi yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. Sonuçlar ergenlerde farklı boyutlarda ele alınan bu riskli davranışların ortaya çıkmasında sıklıkla aile ve arkadaş ilişkilerinin etkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca çalışmanın sonuçlarına dayalı olarak riskli davranışı diğer riskli davranışların da yordadığı, riskli davranışların birbirine neden olduğu, söylenebilir. Okul temelli önleme programlarının riskli davranışlara müdahele ve önlenmesinde kritik bir öneme sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• alkol ve sigara kullanımı,beslenme alışkanlıkları,intihar eğilimi,okul terki,madde kullanımı,antisosyal davranış,ergenlik dönemi

Kaynakça

1. Akça, S. O., & Filiz, S. (2016). Risky behaviors of adolescent boys: A high school sample. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(3), 206-212. doi: 10.5455/pmb.1-1442334339
2. Akkuş, D., Eker, F., Karaca, A., Kapısız, Ö., & Açıkgöz, F. (2016). High School Youth Peer Education Program an effective model to prevent substance abuse happen? Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 7(1), 34-44.
3. Altun, M., & Kutlu, Y. (2015). The views of adolescent about the eating behavior: A qualitative study. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 23(3), 174-184.
4. Ankhesenamun, B. (2010). The effects of shame: Understanding shame as motivator of antisocial behavior in African American males (Doctoral dissertation). California School of Professional Psychology, USA.
5. Ansary, N. S. & Luther, S. S. (2009). Distress and academic achievement among adolescents of affluence: A study of externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors and school performance. Development and Psychopathology, 21(01), 319-341. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409000182
6. Arslan, G., & Balkıs, M. (2014). The investigation of relationship between problem behaviors and family problems in adolescence. SDU International Journal of Educational Studies, 1(1), 11-23.
7. Arthur, M. W., Hawkins, J. D., Pollard, J. A., Catalano, R. F., & Baglioni, A. J. J. (2002). Measuring risk and protective factors for use, delinquency, and other adolescent problem behaviors the communities that care youth survey. Evaluation Review, 26(6), 575-601.
8. Bayhan, G., & Dalgıç, G. (2012). School dropout according to the views of high school leavers. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 13(3), 107-130.

9. Berk, L. E. (2002). Infants, children, and adolescents (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
10. Bulut Ateş, F., & Çeçen-Eroğul, A. R. (2017). The role of marital conflict and childhood abuse experiences as the predictors of adolescents’ delinquent behaviors. Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 26(3), 171-183.
11. CDC YRBSS National Youth Risk Behavior Survey 1991-2005, 2005.
12. Cenkseven Önder, F., & Yılmaz, Y. (2012). The role of life satisfaction and parenting styles in predicting delinquent behaviors among high school students. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(3), 1737-1748.
13. Chung, H., & Elias, M. (1996.) Patterns of adolescent involvement in problem behaviors: Relationship to self-efficacy, social competence, and life events. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(6), 771-784. doi: 10.1007/BF02511034
14. Clark, C., Gross, K. H. (n.d.) “Adolescent Health- Risk Behaviors: The Effect of Perceived Parenting Style and Race”. www. kon.org/urc.
15. Cox, E., Leung, R, Baksheev, G., Day, A., Toumbourou, J. W., Miller, P., … Walker, A. (2016). Violence prevention and intervention programs for adolescents in Australia: A systematic review. Australian Psychologists, 51(3), 206-222. doi: 10.1111/ap.12168
16. Çavuş, F. Ö., Çavuş, U. Y., & Görpelioğlu, S. (2017). Prevalence, distribution and influencing factors of risky behavior in Ankara. Turkish Journal of Family Practice, 21(1), 2-16.
17. Demir, M., & Bademci, H. Ö. (2016). Juvenile delinquency from the perspective of a juvenile pushed to crime: Case report. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(1), 17-26.
18. Dishion, T. J., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior. American Psychologist, 54(9), 755.
19. Dishion, T. J., Véronneau, M. H., & Myers, M. W. (2010). Cascading peer dynamics underlying the progression from problem behavior to violence in early to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 22(03), 603-619. doi: 10.1017/S0954579410000313
20. Dolcini, M. M. & Adler, N. E. (1994). Perceived competencies, peer group affiliation, and risk behavior among early adolescents. Health Psychology, 13(6), 496-506. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.13.6.496
21. Donovan, J. E., & Jessor, R. (1985). Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(6), 890. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.53.6.890
22. Ekşi, H., Arıcan, T., & Yaman, K. G. (2016). The perfectionism and social appearance anxiety as being the prediction of risky behavior on vocational high school students. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (KEFAD), 17(2), 527-545.
23. Englund, M. M., Egeland, B., & Collins, W. A. (2008). Exceptions to high school dropout predictions in a low-income sample: Do adults make a difference? Journal of Social Issues, 64(1), 77-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00549.x
24. Erbaş, M. M., & Kağnıcı, D. Y. (2017). Examining the effect of choice theory based on psychoeducation program on adolescents’ risk taking behaviors and wellness. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 16(64), 1594-1615.
25. Garnier, H. E., & Stein, J. A. (2002). An 18-year model of family and peer effects on adolescent drug use and delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 45-56. doi: 10.1023/A:1014085016511
26. Gençtanırım, D. (2004). Ergenlerde intihar olasılığının yordanması (Yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
27. Gifford-Smith, M., Dodge, K. A., Dishion, T. J., & McCord, J. (2005). Peer influence in children and adolescents: Crossing the bridge from developmental to intervention science. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(3), 255-265.
28. Gilligan, C., & Kypri, K. (2012). Parent attitudes, family dynamics and adolescent drinking: Qualitative study of the Australian parenting guidelines for adolescent alcohol use. BMC Public Health, 12, 491. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-491
29. Guo, J., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Abbott, R. D. (2002). A developmental analysis of sociodemographic, family, and peer effects on adolescent illicit drug initiation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(7), 838-845. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200207000-00017
30. Ingerski, L.M., Janicke, D. M., & Silverstein, J. H. (2007). Brief report: quality of life in overweight youth- the role of multiple informants and perceived social support. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(7), 869-874. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsm026
31. Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(8), 597-605. doi: 10.1016/1054-139X(91)90007-K
32. Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.
33. Jessor, R., Turbin, M. S., Costa, F. M., Dong, Q., Zhang, H., & Wang, C. (2003). Adolescent problem behavior in China and the United States: A cross‐national study of psychosocial protective factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(3), 329-360. doi: 10.1111/1532-7795.1303004
34. Kıran-Esen, B. (2003). High school students’ risk taking behavior is predicted by peer pressure, achievement, and age variables. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 24, 79-85.
35. Kinard, B. R. A. (2006). Comparison of advertising, social, and cognitive predictors of adolescent and adult risk behaviors (Doctoral dissertation). Mississippi State University, ABD.
36. Kingston, S., Rose, M., Cohen-Serrins, J., & Knight, E. (2017). A qualitative study of the context of child and adolescent substance use initiation and patterns of use in the first year for early and later initiators. PLOS ONE, 12(1): e0170794
37. Luther, K. E. (2008). Predicting Risky and delinquent behaviors among children of Mexican origin: The role of generational status and parental monitoring (Doctoral dissertation). University of California, USA.
38. Mcloughlin, N., Rucklidge, J. J., Grace, R. C., & Mclean, A. P. (2010). Can callous-unemotional traits and aggression identify children at high-risk of anti-social behavior in a low socioeconomic group? Journal of Family Violence, 25, 701-712. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9320-x
39. McWhirter, J. J., McWhirter, B. T., McWhirter, E. H., & McWhirter, R. J. (2004). At risk youth: A comprehensive response (3rd ed). Thomson Brooks/Cole.
40. Miller, J. W., Naimi, T. S., Brewer, R. D., & Jones, S. E. (2007). Binge drinking and associated health risk behaviors among high school students. Pediatrics, 119-76. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0323
41. Nalbant, A., & Babaoğlan, E. (2016). Students at risk: Yozgat example. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 7(3), 11-30. doi: 10.19160/e-ijer.35964
42. Özer, A., Gençtanırım, D., & Ergene, T. (2011). Prediction of school dropout among Turkish high school students: A model testing with moderator and mediator variables. Education in Science: The Bulletin of the Association for Science Education, 36(161), 302-317.
43. Park, S., Kim, H., & Kim, H. (2009). Relationships between parental alcohol abuse and social support, peer substance. Adolescence, 44(173), 87-99.
44. Polat, G. (2015). Post-treatment social reintegration experiences of drug addicted adolescents: A qualitative study. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care, 9(4), 158-169. doi: 10.5455/tjfmpc.198368
45. Ruangkanhanasetr, S., Plitponkampin, A., Hetrakul, P., & Konsakon, R. (2005). Youth risk behavior survey: Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 227-235. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.01.013
46. Savi Çakar, F., Tagay, Ö., Karataş, Z., & Yavuzer, Y. (2015). Opinions of high school students and teachers about risky behaviors. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 7(2), 1-13.
47. Siyez, D. M. (2009). Ergenlerde problem davranışlar. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
48. Smith, J.A. & Osborn, M. (2015). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In Smith, J. A. (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
49. Spear, H. J., & Kulbok, P.A. (2001). Adolescent health behaviors and related factors: A review. Public Health Nursing, 18(2), 82–93. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1446.2001.00082.x
50. Taş, A., Selvitopu, A., Bora, V., & Demirkaya, Y. (2013). Reasons for dropout for vocational high school students. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(3), 1561-1565.
51. Tuzgöl Dost, M., & Keklik, İ. (2014). The prediction of trait anxiety, hopelessness and self-esteem on risk behaviors of adolescents. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 13(51), 195-208.
52. Vasters, G. P., & Pillon, S. C. (2011). Drug use by adolescents and their perceptions about specialized treatment adherence and dropout. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem, 19(2), 317-324. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692011000200013
53. White, W. S., & Kelly, D. (2010). The school counselor’s role in school dropout prevention. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88, 227-235. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00014.x
54. Yıldırım, A., & Şimsek, H. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (7. baskı). Ankara: Seçkin.