Empowerment of Self Via Cognitive Approach

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 68 - 78, 01.06.2011

Öğr.gör. Dr. Duygu Hiçdurmaz Prof. Dr. Fatma Öz

Öz

Self is an organised thought, emotion and behavior structure developed as a result of experiences and interactions with parents and other people throughout developmental process. Cognitive theorists explain self as a self-schema. The self schema about self determines our thinking way and which information we remember about ourselves. As self concept shapes thoughts and memory, interventions made to prevent and heal self related mental health problems should be based on cognitive approach. Use of cognitive approach for problems about self can be via self awareness, catching, analyzing and replacing automatic thoughts with realistic ones, when doing this realising one's negative self attributions and cognitive errors, changing one's coping patterns with stressful conditions. Nurses can face with people having self problems not only in psychiatric wards, but in general wards and community. Nurses' being capable of realising and intervening this kind of problems is related firstly them to have a healthy self concept and then to have knowledge and ability to prevent and early diagnose this kind of problems. By this way by preventing and early intervening self related problems, mental health problems will be prevented, individuals will have a productive and happy life.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Self, cognitive approach, nursing

Benliğin Bilişsel Yaklaşımla Güçlendirilmesi

Öz

Benlik, tüm insanların gelişimsel süreçleri içinde ebeveynleri ve diğer insanlarla etkileşim ve deneyimlerinin bir sonucu olarak geliştirdiği örgütlenmiş bir düşünce, duygu ve davranış ağıdır. Bilişsel kuramcılar benliğin bir öz-şema olduğunu ifade etmektedirler. Benliğimizle ilgili öz şema, kendimiz hakkında düşünme biçimimizi ve kendimizle ilgili hangi bilgileri hatırlayacağımızı belirlemektedir. Benlik kavramı düşünce ve hafızayı şekillendirdiği için, benlikle ilgili ruhsal sorunların önlenmesi ve iyileştirilmesi konusunda yapılacak müdahalelerin de bilişsel yaklaşıma dayalı olması gerekmektedir. Benlikle ilgili sorunların iyileştirilmesinde bilişsel yaklaşımın kullanımı; kendini tanıma, otomatik düşünceleri yakalama, analiz etme ve gerçekçi düşüncelerle değiştirme, bunları yaparken yapılan olumsuz yükleme ve bilişsel çarpıtmaları fark etme, stresli durumlarla baş etme örüntülerinin değiştirilmesi yoluyla olabilmektedir. Hemşireler benlik sorunu olan bireylerle sadece psikiyatri kliniklerinde değil, genel kliniklerde ve toplumda da karşılaşabilmektedirler. Hemşirelerin bireylerin bu tür sorunlarının farkına varabilmesi ve etkili müdahale edebilmesi öncelikle kendi benlik kavramlarının sağlıklı olmasına, sonrasında ise bakım verdikleri kişilerdeki bu tür sorunların ortaya çıkmasını önlemek ve erken tanılayabilmek için bilgi ve beceri sahibi olmalarına bağlıdır. Böylece benlikle ilgili sorunların önlenmesi ya da erken müdahale edilmesiyle ruhsal sorunlar önlenecek, bireyler toplum içinde üretken ve mutlu bir yaşam sürebileceklerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Benlik, bilişsel yaklaşım, hemşirelik

Kaynakça

• Arnold E, Bogg KU. Interpersonal relationships. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1999.
• Rogers CR. Client-Centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company; 1951.
• Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: The Guilford Press; 2003.
• Rogers TB, Kuiper NA, Kirker WS. Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1977; 35: 677-688.
• Markus H. Self-Schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1977; 35: 63-78.
• Markus H, Wurf E. The dynamic self concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology 1987; 39: 299-337.
• Ootim B. Self-esteem. Nursing Management 1998; 4: 24–35.
• Yuang X. Correlation between self-esteem and mental health of secondary normal school students. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 2000; 8: 102-103.
• Fan F, Fu J. Self-concept and mental health of college students. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2001; 15: 16-11.
• Garaigordobil M, Perez JI, Mozaz M. Self-concept, self-esteem and psychopatological symptoms. Psicothema 2008; 20 (1): 114-123.
• Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G. Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: The Guilford Press; 1979.
• De Rubies RJ, Tang TZ, Beck AT. Cognitive therapy. In: Dobson KS, editor. Handbook of cognitive- behavioral therapies. 2nd Ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2001. p.349-430.
• Dobson KS, Dozois DJA. Historical and Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies. 2nd Ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2001. p.3-39.
• Hiçdurmaz D. Bilişsel davranışçı grup danışmanlığının benlik algısı ve stresle baş etme biçimlerine etkisi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Doktora Tezi; 2010.
• Blackburn I, Davidson KM, Kendell RE. Cognitive therapy for depression and anxiety: A practitioner’s guide. Cambridge, UK: Blackwell Science; 1995.
• Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: A Meridian Book; 1979.
• Beck J. Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: The Guilford Press; 1995.
• Freeman A, Pretzer J, Fleming B, Simon KM. Clinical applications of cognitive therapy. New York: Plenum Press; 1990.
• Türkçapar H. Bilişsel terapi temel ilkeler ve uygulama. Ankara: HYB Basım Yayın; 2008.
• Beck JS. Cognitive therapy for challenging problems. New York: The Guilford Press; 2005.
• Burns DD. Feeling good: The new mood therapy. New York: A Signet Book; 1980.
• Heider F. Psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley; 1958.
• Jones EE, Davis KE. From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. In: Berkowitz L, editor. Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press; 1965. p.220-226.
• Ross L. The intuitive psychologist and his shortcoming: Distortions in the attribution process. Berkowitz L, editor. Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol 10. New York: Academic Press; 1977. p. 174- 221.
• Jones EE, Nisbett RE. The actor and observer: Divergent perceptions of causes of behavior. In: Jones EE, Kanouse DE, Kelley HH, Nisbett RE, Valins S, Weiner B, editors. Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press; 1972. p. 79-94.
• Mcwhirther JJ, Mcwhirter BT, Mcwhirter EH, Mcwhirter RJ. At-risk youth: A comprehensive response. 4th Edition. Pacific Grove CA: Brooks/Cole; 2007.
• Folkman S, Lazarus RS, Dunkel- Schetter C, De Longis A, Gruen RJ. Dynamics of a stressful encounter. Cognitive, appraisal, coping and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986; 50 (5): 992-1003.
• Cozzarelli C. Personality and self-efficacy as predictors of coping with abortion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993; 65: 1224-1236.
• Fleishman JA. Personality characteristics and coping patterns. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1984; 25: 229-244.
• Campbell JD. Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990; 59: 538-549.
• Bolger N, Schilling EA. Personality and problems of everyday life: the role of neuroticism in exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. Journal of Personality 1991; 59: 355-386.
• Bolger N. Coping as a personality process: a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990; 59: 525-537.
• Kammeyer-Mueller JD, Judge TA, Scott BA. The role of core self-evaluations in the coping process. Journal of Applied Psychology 2009; 94(1): 177-195.
• Carver CS, Scheier MF. Situational coping and coping dispositions in a stressful transaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994; 66: 184–195.
• International Council of Nurses. Nurses and Primary Health Care: Position Statement. 2007. URL: http://www.icn.ch/PS_D02_Nurses%20&%20PHC.pdf. February 28, 2010.
• World Health Organization. Nursing and Midwifery at WHO. (Date is not available). URL: http://www. who.int/hrh/nursing_midwifery/en/. February 28, 2010.
• Stuart, G.W. ve Laraia, M.T. (2001). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing (7. ed.). New York: Mosby.
• American Nurses Association (2000). Scope and Standards of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Practice. Washington D.C.: American Nurses Publishing.