MODELING NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS OF EU COUNTRIES USING PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING (PLS-SEM)

Öz

İnovasyon faaliyetlerinin stratejik önemi dikkate alınarak mikro ve makro düzeyde inovasyon performansını ölçen birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Ülkelerin ulusal inovasyon sistemlerinin yeteneğini tanımlayan ve ölçen teorik çerçeveler mevcut olmakla beraber, bu sistemlerdeki yapısal ve bağımlılık ilişkilerini inceleyen sağlam matematiksel modeller yeterli değildir. Literatürdeki bu boşluğu doldurmak adına, bu çalışmada kısmi en küçük kareler-yapısal eşitlik modeli ile AB ülkelerinin ulusal inovasyon sistemleri için bir model geliştirmek ve bu modeli test etmek amaçlanmıştır. Geliştirilen model inovasyonla ilgili karar vericilerin inovasyonun dinamiklerini sistematik olarak kavramasını ve AB ülkelerinin ulusal inovasyon yeteneklerinin öncüllerini temsil eden geçerli ve güvenilir değişkenleri belirlemelerini sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ulusal inovasyon sistemleri,kısmi en küçük kareler-yapısal eşitlik modeli,İnovasyonun öncülleri

MODELING NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS OF EU COUNTRIES USING PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING (PLS-SEM)

Öz

Considering the strategic importance of innovation activities, various studies have been employed pertaining to gauging innovation performance both micro and macro levels. While theoretical frameworks to identify and measure capabilities of the national innovation systems (NISs) of countries do exist, what remains striking is the lack of thorough account of the structural and dependence relationships expressed in a series of equations. Dedicated to remedy this research gap of the literature, the main purpose of this study is to develop and test a hypothesized model through the PLS-SEM approach for the NISs of European countries. The developed model enables decision makers concerned with innovation to comprehend the dynamics of innovation systemically and to have valid and reliable variables which represent the antecedents of national innovation capabilities of the EU countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• National innovation systems,PLS-SEM approach,antecedents of innovation

Kaynakça

1. Abbasi, F., H. Hajihoseini, S. Haukka (2011), “Use of Virtual Index for Measuring Efficiency of Innovation Systems: A Cross-Country Study”, International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development, 9(3), 195–212.
2. Adams, J.D., Z. Griliches (2000), “Research Productivity in a System of Universities”, in: Encaoua, D. (Eds.), The Economics and Econometrics of Innovation, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
3. Afzal, M.N.I. (2014), “An Empirical Investigation of The National Innovation System (NIS) Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the TOBIT Model”, International Review of Applied Economics, 28(4), 507-523.
4. Ar. İ.M, B. Baki (2011), “Antecedents and Performance Impacts of Product versus Process Innovation”, European Journal of Innovation Management, 14 (2), 172 – 206.
5. Balzat, M., A. Pyka (2006), “Mapping National Innovation Systems in the OECD Area”, International Journal of Technology and Globalization, 2, 158-176.
6. Bartels, F.L, M. Eicher, C. Bachtrog, G. Rezonja (2009), “Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Changing Location-Specific Advantages as Signals of Competitiveness”, The Developing Economies, 47, 244-78.
7. Bartels, F.L., R. Koria, A. Torriero, B. Cravenna, C. Strinati (2014), “National Systems of Innovation: A Structural Model Analysis of Efficacy-The Case of Ghana”, Innovation Forum, Paris.
8. Cai, Y. (2011), “Factors Affecting The Efficiency of the BRICS' National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Study Based on DEA and Panel Data Analysis, Economics (Open E-Journal)”, Economics Discussion Papers, No. 2011-52.

9. Carlsson, B., S. JacobssonHolmen, M., Rickne (2002), “Innovation System: Analytical and Methodological Issues”, Research Policy, 31, 233–245.
10. Castellacci, F., J.M. Natera (2013), “The Dynamics of National Innovation Systems: A Panel Cointegration Analysis of the Coevolution between Innovative Capability and Absorptive Capacity”, Research Policy, 42, 579– 594.
11. Chang, P.L., H.Y. Shih (2004), “The Innovation System of Taiwan and China: A Comparative Analysis”, Technovation, 24, 529–539.
12. Chiaromonte, F., (2002), “Innovation and R&D Management: Are New Paradigms Observable?”, International Journal of Technology Management, 23, 374–409.
13. Chin, W.W. (1998), “The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling”, In: Marcoulides, G.A. (Eds.), Modern Methods for Business Research, 295–358.
14. Cohen, J. (1988), Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd Ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
15. Drolet, A.L., D.G. Morrison (2001), “Do We Really Need Multiple-Item Measures In Service Research?”, Journal Of Service Research, 3, 196–204.
16. Duncan, E., G. Elliott (2004), “Efficiency, Customer Service and Financial Performance among Australian Financial Institutions”, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 22, 319 – 342.
17. Edquist, C., L. Hommen, M. Mckelvey (1997), “Product vs. Process Innovation, Productivity Growth and Employment”, In Reati, A., and Michie, J. (Eds.), Work, Employment and Need: Theory and Evidence, London, UK: Edward Elgar Publishers.
18. Evangelista, R., M. Savona (2002), “The Impact of Innovation on Employment in Services: Evidence from Italy”, International Review of Applied Economics, 16, 309-318.
19. Fagerberg, J., M. Srholec (2008), “National Innovation Systems, Capabilities and Economic Development”, Research Policy, 37, 1417-1435.
20. Feigl, S., K. Menrad (2008), “Innovation Activities in the Food Industry in Selected European Countries. Report for TRUEFOOD Project”, Germany: University of Applied Sciences of Weihenstephan.
21. Freeman, C. (1987), Technology and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan, London: Printer Pub. Ltd. Freudenberg, M. (2003), “Composite Indicators of Country Performance: A Critical Assessment, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers”, (2003)/16, OECD Publishing.
22. Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F. (1981), “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error”, Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50.
23. Fullerton, R.R., F.A. Kennedy, S.K. Widener (2014), “Lean Manufacturing and Firm Performance: The Incremental Contribution of Lean Management Accounting Practices”, Journal of Operations Management, 32, 414–428.
24. Furman, J.L., M.E. Porter, S. Stern (2002), “The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity”, Research Policy, 31, 899-933.
25. Gao, X., X. Guo, J. Guan (2014), “An Analysis of the Patenting Activities and Collaboration Among Industry–University–Research Institutes in the Chinese ICT Sector”, Scientometrics, 98, 247–263.
26. Ghazinoory S., A. Bitaab, A. Lohrasbi (2014), “Social Capital and National Innovation System: Across-Country Analysis”, Cross Cultural Management, 21, 453-475.
27. Guan, J., K. Chen (2012), “Modeling the Relative Efficiency of National Innovation Systems”, Research Policy, 41, 102– 115. Guan, J., Q. Zhao (2013), “The Impact of University–Industry Collaboration Networks On Innovation in Nano Biopharmaceuticals”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80, 1271–1286.
28. Günday, G., G. Ulusoy, K. Kilic,. L. Alpkan (2011), “Effects of Innovation Types on Firm Performance”, International Journal of Production Economics, 133, 662–676.
29. Hair, J.F., M. Sarstedt, T.M. Pieper,. C. Ringle (2012), “The Use of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling In Strategic Management Research: A Review of Past Practices and Recommendations for Future Applications”, Long Range Planning, 45, 320-340.
30. Hair, J.F., Jr. G. Tomas, M. Hult, C.M. Ringle, M. Sarstedt (2014a), A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (Pls-Sem),: Washington DC: Sage Publications.
31. Hair, J.F., W.C. Black, B.J. Babin, R.E. Anderson (2014b), Multivariate Data Analysis, Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Education Limited.
32. Henseler, J., C.M. Ringle, R.R. Sinkovics (2009), “The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing”, Advances In International Marketing, 20, 277–320.
33. Hollanders H., F.C. Esser (2007), “Measuring Innovation Efficiency”, INNO-Metrics Thematic Paper.
34. Hollanders, H., A. Cruysen (2009), “Design, Creativity and Innovation: A Scoreboard Approach. INNO Metrics (2008) Report”, Brussels: European Commission, DG Enterprise.
35. Hsu, Y. (2011), “Cross National Comparison of Innovation Efficiency and Policy Application”, African Journal of Business Management, 5, 1378–1387.
36. Jenatabadi, H.S., Ismail, N.A. (2014), “Application of Structural Equation Modeling for Estimating Airline Performance”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 40, 25–33.
37. Joreskog, K.G. (1978), “Structural Analysis of Covariance and Correlation Matrices”, Psychometrika, 43, 443–477.
38. Joreskog, K.G. (1982), “The LISREL Approach to Causal Model-Building in the Social Sciences”, In Wold, H. & Wold, K.G. (Eds.), Systems under Indirect Observation, Part I (Pp. 81–100), Amsterdam: North-Holland.
39. Ju, Y., S.Y. Sohn (2014), “Development of A National Competitiveness Index Based on a Structural Equation Model”, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 26, 65-79.
40. Kazazoğlu, G.N. (2014), “National Innovation System in Turkey”, Turkish Public Administration Annual, 39, 49-65.
41. Kou, M., K. Chen, S. Wang, Y. Shao, (2016), “Measuring Efficiencies of Multi-Period and Multi-Period and Multi-Division Systems Associated with DEA:An Application to OECD Countries’ National Innovation Systems”, Expert Systems With Applications, 46, 494–510.
42. Lee, S., Y. Nam,. S. Lee, H. Son (2015), “Determinants of ICT Innovations: A Cross-Country Empirical Study”, Technological Forecasting & Social Change. In Press, Corrected Proof.
43. Liu, X., S. White (2001), “An Exploration into Regional Variation of Chinese Innovative Activity in China”, International Journal of Technology Management, 21, 2114-129.
44. Liu, J.S., W.M. Lu, M.H.C. Ho (2015), “National Characteristics: Innovation Systems from the Process Efficiency Perspective”, R&D Management, 45, 317-338.
45. Lohmoller, J.B. (1989), Latent Variable Path Modeling With Partial Least Squares, Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Lu, W.M., Q.L. Kweh, C.L. Huang (2014), “Intellectual Capital and National Innovation Systems Performance”, Knowledge-Based Systems, 71, 201–210.
46. Lundvall, B.A. (Eds.) (1992), National Systems of Innovation - Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning, London: Pinter Pub Ltd.
47. Lundvall, B. (1998), “Why Study National Systems and National Styles of Innovation?”, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 10, 403-422.
48. Mahroum, S., R. Huggins, N. Clayton, K. Pain, P. Taylor (2008), Innovation by Adoption: Measuring and Mapping Absorptive Capacity in UK Nations and Regions, London: NESTA.
49. Marklund, G., R. Nilsson, P. Sandgren, J. Granat Thorslund, J. Ullström (2004), “The Swedish National Innovation System 1970–(2003): A Quantitative International Benchmarking Analysis”, VINNOVA Analysis VA, Stockholm (2004), 01.
50. Matei, M.M., A. Aldea (2012), “Ranking National Innovation Systems According to their Technical Efficiency”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62, 968 – 974.
51. Millot, V. (2009), Trademarks As an Indicator of Product and Marketing Innovations. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers.
52. Mokhtarzadeh, N., H. Zarei (2014), “Investigating the Impact of National Innovation System Functions on Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in Iranian Oil Industry”, International Journal Of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 1, 47-60.
53. Morris-King J.R., (2014), Situated Socio-Cognitive and Ecological Simulation of the Triple-Helix Theory of Regional Innovation Dynamics, PhD Dissertation, Auburn, Alabama: Graduate Faculty of Auburn University.
54. Nasierowski, W., F.J. Arcelus (2003), “On the Efficiency of National Innovation Systems”, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 37, 215–234.
55. Nelson, R.R. (1993), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nunnally J. C., I.H. Bernstein (1994), Psychometric Theory (3rd Ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.
56. OECD (2014), Measuring the Digital Economy: A New Perspective, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1787/9789264221796-En
57. Ollo-López, A., M.E. Aramendía-Muneta (2012), “ICT Impact on Competitiveness, Innovation and Environment”, Telematics and Informatics, 29, 204–210.
58. Pan, Т.W., S.V. Hung, W.M. Lu (2010), “DEA Performance Measurement of the National Innovation System in Asia and Europe”, Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research, 27, 369-392.
59. Porter, M.E., (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Palgrave Macmillan.
60. Prajogo, D.I., P.K. Ahmed (2006), “Relationships between Innovation Stimulus, Innovation Capacity, and Innovation Performance”, R&D Management 36, 499-515.
61. Ringle, C.M., S. Wende, A. Will (2005), Smartpls 2.0, Hamburg, Germany: University of Hamburg.
62. Rousseau S., R. Rousseau (1997), “Data Envelopment Analysis as a Tool for Constructing Scientometric Indicators”, Scientometrics, 40, 45–56.
63. Samara, E., P. Georgiadis, I. Bakouros (2012), “The Impact of Innovation Policies on the Performance of National Innovation Systems: A System Dynamics Analysis”, Technovation, 32, 624–638.
64. Sarstedt, M., C.M. Ringle,. D. Smith, R. Reams, J.F. Hair (2014a), “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM): A Useful Tool for Family Business Researchers”, Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5, 105–115.
65. Sarstedt, M., C.M. Ringle, J. Henseler, J.F. Hair (2014b), “On the Emancipation of PLS-SEM: A Commentary on Rigdon (2012)”, Long Range Planning, 47, 154–160.
66. Sohn, S.Y., D.H. Kim, S.Y. Jeon (2015), “Re-Evaluation of Global Innovation Index Based on a Structural Equation Model”. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 27.
67. Spielkamp, A., V. Kaprin (1998), “Mapping Innovative Clusters in National Innovation Systems”, ZEW Discussion Papers No. 98-45.
68. Tong, L., C. Liping (2009), “Research on the Evaluation of Innovation Efficiency for China’s Regional Innovation System by Utilizing DEA”. International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering. Xian, China 26 December (2009),
69. Vilaseca, J., J. Torrent, J. Lladós, L. Garay (2006), El Impacto De Las TIC En La Empresa Turística: El Caso De Cataluña. UOC, Working Paper Series, WP06-003.
70. Wang, E., W. Huang (2007), “Relative Efficiency of R&D Activities: A Cross-Country Study Accounting for Environmental Factors in the DEA Approach”, Research Policy, 36, 260-273.
71. Wiseman A.W., E. Anderson (2012), “ICT-Integrated Education and National Innovation Systems in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries”, Computers & Education, 59, 607–618.
72. Wold, H. (1982), Soft Modeling: The Basic Design and Some Extensions, In: Joreskog, K.G., Wold, H. (ed.), Systems under Indirect Observations, Part II, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1-54.
73. World Economic Forum (WEF) (2015), The Global Competitiveness Report (2014)–(2015), Geneva.
74. Yam, R.C.M., W. Lo, P.Y.T. Esther, K.W.L. Antonio (2011), “Analysis of Sources of Innovation, Technological Innovation Capabilities, and Performance: An Empirical Study of Hong Kong Manufacturing Industries”, Research Policy, 40, 391–402.
75. Yoon, Y., D. Gürsoy, J.S. Chen (2001), “Validating a Tourism Development Theory with Structural Equation Modeling”, Tourism Management, 22, 363-372.
76. Zhang, J. (2013), “International Comparison of National Innovation System Efficiency”, Asia-Pacific Tech Monitor, 30, 23-29.