BRIC-T ÜLKELERİNDE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, DIŞA AÇIKLIK, ELEKTRİK TÜKETİMİ VE ÇEVRE İLİŞKİSİNE YÖNELİK AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA

Öz

Tarım toplumundan sanayi toplumuna geçiş ile birlikte üretim miktarları evrensel boyutta hız kazanan bir büyüme temposu yakalamıştır. Sanayileşmenin yanı sıra kentleşme ve nüfus artışı gibi faktörler de arz ve talep büyüklüklerinin değişiminde önemli rol oynamıştır. Üretimi artırmak için daha fazla doğal kaynak ve enerji kullanımı ise ekolojik dengeleri olumsuz yönde etkileyerek yaşam kalitesinin düşmesine neden olmuştur. Ancak belirli bir gelir düzeyine ulaştıktan sonra ülkeler, başlangıçta yarattıkları çevresel sorunları azaltmak için çözüm yolları arayışına girmektedirler. Bu çalışmada; ekonomik büyüme, ticari açıklık, elektrik tüketimi ve karbon dioksit salınımı (CO₂) arasındaki ilişki, 1992-2014 dönemine ait verilerden hareketle BRIC-T ülkeleri için panel veri analizi kullanarak test edilmektedir. Bootstrap nedensellik bulgularına göre; Rusya’da gelir ve karbondioksit salınımları arasında çift yönlü, Hindistan’da elektrik tüketiminden ve Brezilya’da ise dışa açıklıktan karbondioksit salınımlarına doğru olmak üzere tek yönlü bağıntılar bulunmaktadır. Diğer yandan AMG testi ise Brezilya, Çin ve Türkiye’de elektrik tüketiminin; Rusya ve Çin’de dışa açıklığın ve Hindistan’da da gelirin CO₂’yi artırdığını göstermektedir. Bunlardan farklı olarak Çin’de gelir artışı, CO₂ değerlerinin azalmasına yol açmaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekonomik büyüme
• Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi
• Bootstrap nedensellik
• Yatay kesit bağımlılığı

ECONOMIC GROWTH, TRADE OPENNESS, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIP IN BRIC-T COUNTRİES: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Öz

With the transition from the agricultural society to the industrial society, the production quantities have caught up a rapid growth universally. In addition to industrialization, factors such as urbanization and population growth have also played an important role in changing supply and demand magnitudes. The use of more natural resources and energy to increase production has affected ecological balances negatively and has led to a decline in quality of life. However, after reaching a certain level of income, countries are seeking solutions to reduce the environmental problems. In this study, the relationships among to economic growth, trade openness,  electricity consumption and carbon dioxide emission (CO₂)are tested using panel data analysis for BRIC-T countries over the period 1992-2014. According to causality findings, there appears to be a bidirectional linkage between income and CO₂ in the Russia. There is unidirectional causality from the electricity consumption to CO₂ in the India and from the openness to CO₂ in the Brazil. AMG test shows that electricity consumption increases CO₂ in Brazil, China, and Turkey, trade openness increases CO₂ in Russia, and China, income increases CO₂ in the India. Unlike these, the increase in income leads to the decrease in CO₂ in the China.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Economic growth
• Environmental Kuznets Curve
• Bootstrap causality
• Cross-sectional dependence

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