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KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE BİR E-KATILIM MODELİ OLARAK BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ (BİT) DESTEKLİ KİTLE KAYNAK KULLANIMI

Yıl 2021, , 271 - 287, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.769258

Öz

Son yıllarda demokratik ve akıllı devlet olma yolundaki çabalar kamu yönetimi ve aktörlerinden beklentileri artırmıştır. Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri (BİT) alanında yaşanan gelişmeler de aktif vatandaşlığı destekleyen yeni e-katılım mekanizmalarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Özel sektör tarafından yaygın olarak kullanılan BİT destekli kitle kaynak kullanımı, bir e-katılım modeli olarak devlet ve onun kurumlarının dikkatini çekmiş ve kamu yönetimi çevrimiçi toplulukları muhatabı olarak kabul etmeye başlamıştır. Ancak literatürde ve uygulamada BİT destekli kitle kaynak kullanımına yönelik artan ilgiye rağmen, kamu yönetiminde özellikle Türkçe literatürde kitle kaynak kullanımına yönelik bütüncül bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı, kamu yönetimi ve onun aktörleri tarafından BİT destekli kitle kaynak kullanımının ne amaçla gerçekleştirildiğine, hangi faydalar yarattığına, bu e-katılım modeline adaptasyonda karşılaşılan sorunların ne olduğuna ve kamu yönetiminde BİT destekli kitle kaynak kullanımına yönelik temel yönetişim faaliyetlerine ilişkin genel, bütünleyici, açıklayıcı bir çerçeve oluşturmaktır.

Kaynakça

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  • Aitamurto, T. (2012), Crowdsourcing for Democracy: New Era in Policy-Making. Helsinki, Finland: Publications of the Committee for the Future, Parliament of Finland.
  • Aitamurto, T., H. Landemore (2015), “Five Design Principles for Crowdsourced Policymaking: Assessing the Case of Crowdsourced off-Road Traffic Law in Finland”, Journal of Social Media for Organizations, 2(1), 1–19.
  • Aitamurto, T., H. Landemore (2016), “Crowdsourced Deliberation: The Case of the Law on off-Road Traffic in Finland”, Policy & Internet, 8(2), 174–96.
  • Aitamurto, T., K. Chen (2017), “The Value of Crowdsourcing in Public Policymaking: Epistemic, Democratic and Economic Value”, The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 5(1), 55–72.
  • Al Wahedi, I.S., S.A. Hoshang, H. Tamimi (2015), “Investigating Factors Influencing the Acceptance and Utilization of Government Mobile Crowdsourcing Applications Case Study: Cityguard Application”, in Abu Dhabi City, March 2015 Conference: 13th International Conference on e-Society 2015, Madeira, Portugal.
  • Alizadeh, T. (2018). “Crowdsourced Smart Cities Versus Corporate Smart Cities”, Paper Presented at the the 4th Planocosmo International Conference, Bandung, Indonesia.
  • Asmolov, G. (2015), “Vertical Crowdsourcing in Russia: Balancing Governance of Crowds and State—Citizen Partnership in Emergency Situations”, Policy & Internet, 7(3), 292–318.
  • Avvenuti, M., S. Cresci, F. Del Vigna, M. Tesconi (2018), “On the Need of Opening up Crowdsourced Emergency Management Systems”, Ai & Society, 1-6, Springer.
  • Basto, D., T. Flavin, C. Patino (2010), “Crowdsourcing Public Policy Innovation”, Working Paper, Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University.
  • Besaleva, L.I., A.C. Weaver (2013), “Crowdhelp: Application for Improved Emergency Response Through Crowdsourced Information” in Proceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication- UbiComp ’13 Adjunct, 1437–1446.
  • Bosha, E., L. Cilliers, S. Flowerday (2017), “Incentive Theory for a Participatory Crowdsourcing Project in A Developing Country”, SA Journal of Information Management, 19(1).
  • Bott, M., B.S. Gigler, G. Young (2012), “The Role of Crowdsourcing for Better Governance in Fragile State Contexts”, Word Bank Publications.
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  • Casanovas, P. (2012), “Legal Crowdsourcing and Relational Law. What the Semantic Web can Do for Legal Education”, Journal of Australian Law Teachers Association (JALTA), 5(1–2), 159–176.
  • Charalabidis, Y.N., E. Loukis, A. Androutsopoulou, V. Karkaletsis, A. Triantafillou (2014), “Passive Crowdsourcing in Government Using Social Media”, Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 8, 283–308.
  • Charalabidis, Y., A. Triantafillou, V. Karkaletsis, E. Loukis (2012), “Public Policy Formulation Through Non Moderated Crowdsourcing in Social Media”, in Electronic Participation, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 156–69.
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A NEW TENDENCY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: HYBRID CENTRALIZATION

Yıl 2021, , 271 - 287, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.769258

Öz

In recent years, efforts to become a democratic and smart government have increased expectations from public administration and its actors. Developments in Information and Communication technologies (ICT) have also revealed new e-participation mechanisms that support active citizenship. The use of ICT-enabled crowdsourcing, which is widely used by the private sector, has attracted the attention of the government and its institutions as an e-participation model, thus public administration has begun to accept online communities as its interlocutors. However, despite the increasing interest in the use of ICT-enabled crowdsourcing in the literature and practice, there is no holistic study of crowdsourcing in public administration, especially in the Turkish literature. The purpose of this study is to explain the objectives and outcomes of using ICT-enabled crowdsourcing by public administration, to address the problems encountered in adaptation to this e-participation model and the main governance activities for ICT- enabled crowdsourcing in public administration.

Kaynakça

  • Afzalan, N., T. Sanchez (2017), “Testing the Use of Crowdsourced Information: Case Study of Bike-Share Infrastructure Planning in Cincinnati", Ohio Urban Planning, 2(3).
  • Aitamurto, T. (2012), Crowdsourcing for Democracy: New Era in Policy-Making. Helsinki, Finland: Publications of the Committee for the Future, Parliament of Finland.
  • Aitamurto, T., H. Landemore (2015), “Five Design Principles for Crowdsourced Policymaking: Assessing the Case of Crowdsourced off-Road Traffic Law in Finland”, Journal of Social Media for Organizations, 2(1), 1–19.
  • Aitamurto, T., H. Landemore (2016), “Crowdsourced Deliberation: The Case of the Law on off-Road Traffic in Finland”, Policy & Internet, 8(2), 174–96.
  • Aitamurto, T., K. Chen (2017), “The Value of Crowdsourcing in Public Policymaking: Epistemic, Democratic and Economic Value”, The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 5(1), 55–72.
  • Al Wahedi, I.S., S.A. Hoshang, H. Tamimi (2015), “Investigating Factors Influencing the Acceptance and Utilization of Government Mobile Crowdsourcing Applications Case Study: Cityguard Application”, in Abu Dhabi City, March 2015 Conference: 13th International Conference on e-Society 2015, Madeira, Portugal.
  • Alizadeh, T. (2018). “Crowdsourced Smart Cities Versus Corporate Smart Cities”, Paper Presented at the the 4th Planocosmo International Conference, Bandung, Indonesia.
  • Asmolov, G. (2015), “Vertical Crowdsourcing in Russia: Balancing Governance of Crowds and State—Citizen Partnership in Emergency Situations”, Policy & Internet, 7(3), 292–318.
  • Avvenuti, M., S. Cresci, F. Del Vigna, M. Tesconi (2018), “On the Need of Opening up Crowdsourced Emergency Management Systems”, Ai & Society, 1-6, Springer.
  • Basto, D., T. Flavin, C. Patino (2010), “Crowdsourcing Public Policy Innovation”, Working Paper, Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University.
  • Besaleva, L.I., A.C. Weaver (2013), “Crowdhelp: Application for Improved Emergency Response Through Crowdsourced Information” in Proceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication- UbiComp ’13 Adjunct, 1437–1446.
  • Bosha, E., L. Cilliers, S. Flowerday (2017), “Incentive Theory for a Participatory Crowdsourcing Project in A Developing Country”, SA Journal of Information Management, 19(1).
  • Bott, M., B.S. Gigler, G. Young (2012), “The Role of Crowdsourcing for Better Governance in Fragile State Contexts”, Word Bank Publications.
  • Brabham, D.C. (2009), “Crowdsourcing the Public Participation Process for Planning Projects”, Planning Theory, 8(3), 242–262.
  • Brabham, D.C. (2013), Crowdsourcing, Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press.
  • Brabham, D.C. (2015), Crowdsourcing in the Public Sector, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
  • Burov V., E. Patarakin, B.A. Yarmakhov (2012), “Crowdsourcing Model for Public Consultations on Draft Laws”, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, New York, USA, 450-45.
  • Casanovas, P. (2012), “Legal Crowdsourcing and Relational Law. What the Semantic Web can Do for Legal Education”, Journal of Australian Law Teachers Association (JALTA), 5(1–2), 159–176.
  • Charalabidis, Y.N., E. Loukis, A. Androutsopoulou, V. Karkaletsis, A. Triantafillou (2014), “Passive Crowdsourcing in Government Using Social Media”, Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 8, 283–308.
  • Charalabidis, Y., A. Triantafillou, V. Karkaletsis, E. Loukis (2012), “Public Policy Formulation Through Non Moderated Crowdsourcing in Social Media”, in Electronic Participation, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 156–69.
  • Charles, C.R., J.R. Gil-Garcia (2018), “Government Engagement with the Civic Tech Community on Twitter: The case of the New York City School of Data.”, EGOV-CeDEMePart.
  • Chatfield, T., U. Brajawidagda (2014), “Crowdsourcing Hazardous Weather Reports from Citizens via Twittersphere under the Short Warning Lead Times Of EF5 Intensity Tornado Conditions”, Proc. 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE, 2231-2241.
  • Chen, K., T. Aitamurto (2019), “Barriers for Crowd’s Impact in Crowdsourced Policymaking: Civic Data Overload and Filter Hierarchy”, International Public Management Journal, 22(1), 99-126.
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  • Clark, B.Y., J.L. Brudney (2018), “Citizen Representation in City Government-Driven Crowdsourcing”, Journal of Collaborative Computing, 27(36, SI).
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  • Deng, Q, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, X. Deng, Y. Ma (2016), “A New Crowdsourcing Model to Assess Disaster Using Microblog Data in Typhoon Haiyan”, Nat. Hazards, 1241-1256.
  • Desai, A., J. Warner, N. Kuderer, M. Thompson, C. Painter, G. Lyman, G. Lopes (2020), “Crowdsourcing a Crisis Response For COVID-19 in Oncology”, Nature Cancer, 1(5), 14, 473-476.
  • Diamantopoulou, V., A. Androutsopoulou, S. Gritzalis, and Y. Charalabidis, “An Assessment of Privacy Preservation in Crowdsourcing Approaches: Towards GDPR Compliance", 12th International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS).
  • Dixon, B.M., R.A. Johns (2019), Vision for a Holistic Smart City-HSC: Integrating Resiliency Framework via Crowdsourced Community Resiliency Information System (CRIS), Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Advances on Resilient and Intelligent Cities.
  • Dutil, P. (2015), “Crowdsourcing as a New Instrument in the Government’s Arsenal: Explorations and Considerations”, Canadian Public Administration, 58(3), 363–383.
  • El Abdallaoui, H.E., A. El Fazziki, M. Sadgal (2020), “Crowdsourcing and Blockchain-Based E-Government Applications: Corruption Mapping, in Hamlich M., Bellatreche L., Mondal A., Ordonez C. (ed.), Smart Applications and Data Analysis. SADASC 2020, Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1207, Cham: Springer.
  • El Abdallaoui, H.E., A. El Fazziki., F.Z. Ennaji, M. Sadgal (2019), "A Crowdsourcing Based Framework for E-Government: Suspect Identification and Investigation", International Journal of Web Information Systems, 15(4), 432-453.
  • El Abdallaoui, H.E., A. El Fazziki, A. Sadiq, F.Z. Ennaji, M. Sadgal (2016), "How Can Crowdsourcing Help in Crisis Situations? Missing Kids Case Study," 2016 IEEE/ACS 13th International Conference of Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), Agadir, 1-7, doi: 10.1109/AICCSA.2016.7945793.
  • Estellés-Arolas, E., F. González-Ladrón-de-Guevara (2012), “Towards an integrated crowdsourcing definition. Journal of Information science”, 38(2), 189–200.
  • Flanagin, A.J., M.J. Metzger (2008), “The credibility of volunteered geographic information”, GeoJournal, 72(3/4), 137–148
  • Following the Crowd (6 Eylül 2008), “The Internet: the Idea of “Crowdsourcing”, or Asking Crowds of Internet Users for Ideas, Is Being Tried Out In Some Unusual Quarters”, https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2008/09/06/following-the-crowd, E.T.: 13.06.2020.
  • Freeman, J. (2013), “E-Government and Monitory Democracy: Iceland’s Crowdsourced Constitution”. In Global Networks-Global Divides: Australian and New Zealand
  • Communication. Association Conference. Freemantle, Australia. Australian and New Zealand Communication Association.
  • Gigler, B.S., S. Baijur (2014), “Closing the feedback loop: Can technology close the accountability gap?”, Washington: World Bank.
  • Haklay, M., V. Antoniou, S. Basiouka, R. Soden, P. Mooney (2015), “Crowdsourced Geographic Information Use in Government”, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery and World Bank, 2015, https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr/files/publication/Crowdsourced%20Geographic%20Information%20Use%20in%20Government.pdf, E.T.: 12.06.2020.
  • Halder, B. (2014), “Measuring Security, Privacy and Data Protection in Crowdsourcing”, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2568818 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2568818, E.T.: 12.06.2020.
  • Haltofová, B. (2017), “Implementation of Geo-Crowdsourcing Mobile Applications in e-Government of V4 Countries: a State-of-the-Art Survey”, World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Comput. Electr. Autom. Contr. Inf. Eng., 11(5), 568-572.
  • Haltofova, B. (2018), “Using Crowdsourcing to Support Civic Engagement in Strategic Urban Development Planning: A Case Study of Ostrava, Czech Republic”, Journal of Competitiveness, 10(1), 85–103.
  • Haltofová, B. (2019), “Critical Success Factors of Geocrowdsourcing Use in E-Government: A Case Study from the Czech Republic”, Urban Research & Practice, DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2019.1586990.
  • Han, S., H. Huang, Z. Luo, C. ForoponHarnessing (2018), “The Power of Crowdsourcing and Internet of Things in Disaster Response Ann”, Oper. Res., 1-16.
  • Harrison, S., P. Johnson (2019), “Challenges in the Adoption of Crisis Crowdsourcing and Social Media in Canadian Emergency Management”, Government Information Quarterly, 36(3), 501-509.
  • Harrison, E., P.A. Johnson (2016), “Crowdsourcing the Disaster Management Cycle”, Int. J. Inf. Syst. Crisis Response Manag., 8, 17-40.
  • Haworth, B. (2016), “Emergency Management Perspectives on Volunteered Geographic Information: Opportunities, Challenges and Change”, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 57, 189–198
  • Haythornthwaite, C. (2012), “Democratic Process in Online Crowds and Communities”, Journal of Democracy, 4(2), 160–170.
  • Heeks, R. (2002), “I-Development Not e-Development: Special Issue on ICTs and Development”, Journal of International Development, 14, 1-11.
  • Hellström, J. (2016), “Crowdsourcing Development: From Funding to Reporting”, in J. Grugel and D. Hammett (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of international development, New York: Springer, 635-647.
  • Howe, B.J. (2006), “The Rise of Crowdsourcing,” 14, 1–5, https://www.wired.com/2006/06/crowds/, E.T. 01.06.2020.
  • Howe, J. (2008), Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business, New York: Crown Business.
  • Hudson, A. (2018), “When Does Public Participation Make a Difference Evidence From Iceland’s Crowdsourced Constitution”, Policy and Internet, 10(2), 185-217.
  • Jain, R. (2010), “Investigation of Governance Mechanisms for Crowdsourcing Initiatives”, AMCIS 2010 Proceedings, Paper 557.
  • Kiatpanont, R., U. Tanlamai, P. Chongstitvatana (2016), “Extraction of Actionable Information from Crowdsourced Disaster Data”, J. Emerg. Manag. 14, 377–390.
  • Levy, P. (1997), Collective Intelligence: Mankind’s Emerging World in Cyberspace, trans. Robert Bononno, Cambridge: Perseus Books.
  • Lin, W.Y., T. Wu, M.H. Tsai, W.C. Hsu, Y.T. Chou, S.C. KangFiltering (2018), “Disaster Responses Using Crowdsourcing”, Autom. ConStruct, 91, 182-192.
  • Linders, D. (2012), “From E-Government to We-Government: Defining a Typology for Citizen Coproduction in the Age of Social Media”, Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 446-454.
  • Liu, H.K. (2017), “Crowdsourcing Government: Lessons from Multiple Disciplines”, Public Administration Review, 77(5), 656–667.
  • Liu, K., G. Motta, L. Youve, T. Ma (2015), "A Threefold Similarity Analysis of Crowdsourcing Feeds", Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Service Sci. (ICSS), 93-98.
  • Loukis, E., Y. Charalabidis (2015), “Active and Passive Crowdsourcing in Government”, in M. Janssen, M. Wimmer, & A. Deljoo (ed.), Policy Practice and Digital Science, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 261–289.
  • Meijer, A. (2012), “Co-Production in an Information Age”, in V. Pestoff, T. Brandsen and B. Verschuere (ed.) New Public Governance, the Third Sector and Co-Production, New York: Routledge, 192–208.
  • Moon, M.J. (2018), “Evolution of Co-production in the Information Age: Crowdsourcing as a Model of Web-based Co-production in Korea”, Policy and Society, 37(3), 294-309.
  • Nam, T (2012), “Suggesting Frameworks of Citizen-Sourcing via Government 2.0.”, Government Information Quarterly, 29, 12–20.
  • Nikiforov, A., A. Singireja (2016), “Open Data and Crowdsourcing Perspectives for Smart City in the United States and Russia”, In ACM International Conference Proceeding
  • Series, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electronic Governance and Open Society: Challenges in Eurasia (EGOSE), St Petersburg, Russia, 22–23 November 2016; ACM: New York, NY, USA, 2016, 171–177.
  • Nummi, P. (2018), “Crowd Sourcing Local Knowledge with PPGIS and Social Media for Urban Planning to Reveal Intangible Cultural Heritage”, Urban Planning, 3 (1), 100-11.
  • O’Leary, D.E. (2015), “Armchair Auditors: Crowdsourcing Analysis of Government Expenditures”, Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, 12(1), 71-9.
  • OECD (2003), Promise and Problems of E-Democracy, Challenges of Online Citizen Engagement, OECD Publishing.
  • O'Reilly, T. (2010), “Governance as a Platform”, in D. Lathrop, and L. Ruma (ed.), Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency and Participation in Practice, Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media, Inc.
  • Pak B, A. Chua, A. Vande Moere (2017), “FixMyStreet Brussels: Socio-Demographic Inequality in Crowdsourced Civic Participation”, J Urban Technol., 24(2), 65–87.
  • Prpić, J., A. Taeihagh, J. Melton (2015), “The Fundamentals of Policy Crowdsourcing”, Policy and Internet, 7(3), 340–361.
  • Rebbapragada, U., T. Oommen (2011) “Integrating Machine Learning into a Crowdsourced Model for Earthquake-Induced Damage Assessment, ICML 2011 Workshop on Machine Learning for Global Challenges, Bellevue, Washington, July 2.
  • Rexha, B., I, Murturi (2019), “Applying Efficient Crowdsourcing Techniques for Increasing Quality and Transparency of Election Processes,” Electron. Gov., 15(1), 107–128.
  • Royo, S., Yetano, A. (2015), “Crowdsourcing’ As A Tool For E-Participation: Two Experiences Regarding CO Emissions at Municipal Level”, Electronic Commerce Research, 15(3), 323–348.
  • Sæbø, Ø., J., Roseand, L. Skiftenes Flak (2008), “The Shape Of Eparticipation: Characterizing An Emerging Research Area”, Government Information Quarterly, 25(3), 400–428.
  • Samonte, M.J.C., J.M.Q. Arganza, C.M.E. Aurelio, P.D.A. Gonzales (2019), “E-Complaint: An Analytical Crowdsourcing Mobile Application for Community Peace and Order
  • System”, ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Part F148384, 105-109.
  • Sassetti, F. (2019), “Social Media and Crowdsourced Election Monitoring: Prospects for Election Transparency in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science, 42, 7-39.
  • Schuurman, D., B. Baccarne, L. De Marez, P. Mechant (2012), “Smart Ideas for Smart Cities: Investigating Crowdsourcing for Generating and Selecting Ideas for ICT Innovation in A City Context”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 7(3), 49–62.
  • Schweitzer, L.A., N. Afzalan (2017), “09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0: Four Reasons Why AICP Needs an Open Data Ethic”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(2), 161–167.
  • Seltzer, E., D. Mahmoudi (2013), “Citizen Participation, Open Innovation, and Crowdsourcing: Challenges and Opportunities for Planning”, Journal of Planning Literature, 28(1), 3–8.
  • Simula, H. (2013), “The Rise and Fall of Crowdsourcing?”, 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
  • Song, Z., Zhang, H. and Dolan, C., (2020), “Promoting Disaster Resilience: Operation Mechanisms and Self-Organizing Processes of Crowdsourcing”, Sustainability, 12, 1862, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051862
  • Sosko, S., S. Dalyot (2017), “Crowdsourcing User-Generated Mobile Sensor Weather Data For Densifying Static Geosensor Networks”, ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6, 61-83.
  • Sumra, K.B., W., Bing (2016), Crowdsourcing in Local Public Administration: Importance of Online Platforms”, International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age, 3(4).
  • Surowiecki, J. (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the many are Smarter than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations, New York: Doubleday.
  • Taeihagh, A (2017), “Crowdsourcing: A New Tool for Policy-making?”, Policy Sciences, 50(4), 629–647.
  • Tambouris, E., A. Macintosh, S. Coleman, M. Wimmer, T. Vedel, H. Westholm, B. Lippa, E. Dalakiouridou, K. Parisopoulos, J. Rose, G. Aicholzer, R. Winkler (2007), Introducing eParticipation, DEMO -net- Booklt Series, no. 1, University of Macedonia: ITA.
  • The LSE GV314 Group (2020), “UK Parliamentary Select Committees: Crowdsourcing for Evidence-Based Policy or Grandstanding?”, The Journal of Legislative Studies, 26(2), 223-247.
  • Tucci, C.L., A. Afuah, G. Viscusi (2018), Creating and Capturing Value through Crowdsourcing, New York: Oxford University Press. United Nations (2008), UN E-Government Survey 2008, New York: UN.
  • Vianna, F.R.P.M., F.K. Meneghetti (2020), “Is it Crowdsourcing or Crowdsensing? An Analysis of Human Participation in Digital Platforms in the Age of Surveillance Capitalism”, Rev. eletrôn. adm., 26(1), 176-209.
  • Wilkinson, A. (2020), “Local Response in Health Emergencies: Key Considerations for 11 Addressing The COVID-19 Pandemic in Informal Urban Settlements”, Environment and Urbanization, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247820922843, E.T. 10.07.2020.
  • Wimmer, M.A. (2007), “Ontology for an E-Participation Virtual Resource Centre”, in T. Janowski, and T.A. Pardo (ed.), ICEGOV 2007, 1st International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, New York, NY: ACM, 89–98.
  • Witanto J.N., H. Lim (2019), “Geo-Crowdsourcing and Map-Based Reporting for Smart Government”, in Hwang S., Tan S., Bien F. (ed), Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Green and Human Information Technology. ICGHIT 2018. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 502. Singapore: Springer.
  • Witanto, J.N., H. Lim, M. Atiquzzaman (2018), “Smart Government Framework with Geo-Crowdsourcing and Social Media Analysis”, Future Gener. Comput. Syst, 89, 1–9.
  • Xintong, G., W. Hongzhi, Y. Song, G. Hong (2014), “Expert Systems with Applications Brief Survey of Crowdsourcing for Data Mining,” Expert Syst. Appl., 41(17), 7987–7994.
  • Yavuz, N., N. Karkın, E.B. Sevinç Çubuk (2020), “Explaining Government Crowdsourcing Decisions: A Theoretical Model”, in Rodríguez Bolívar, M. P., and Cortés Cediel, M. E. (ed.), Digital Government and Achieving E-Public Participation: Emerging Research and Opportunities, IGI Global, 159-183.
  • You, L., G. Motta, K. Liu, T. Ma (2014), "A Pilot Crowdsourced City Governance System: CITY FEED", 2014 IEEE 17th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, Chengdu, 1514-1519
  • Yuan, F., R. Liu (2018a), “Feasibility Study of Using Crowdsourcing to Identify Critical Affected Areas for Rapid Damage Assessment”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 28, 758-767.
  • Yuan, F., R. Liu (2018b), “Crowdsourcing for Forensic Disaster Investigations”, Nat. Hazards, 93, 1529-1546.
  • Zambrano, R., S. Eymann (2014), “Crowdsourcing and Human Development: The Role of Governments,” in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, ICEGOV '14 (New York, NY: ACM), 170–177
  • Zhao, X, N. Wang, R. Han, B. Xie, Y. Yu, M. Li, J. Ou (2018), “Urban Infrastructure Safety System Based on Mobile Crowdsensing”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27.
Toplam 106 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

Ayşegül Saylam

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Saylam, A. (2021). KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE BİR E-KATILIM MODELİ OLARAK BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ (BİT) DESTEKLİ KİTLE KAYNAK KULLANIMI. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(2), 271-287. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.769258
AMA Saylam A. KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE BİR E-KATILIM MODELİ OLARAK BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ (BİT) DESTEKLİ KİTLE KAYNAK KULLANIMI. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Haziran 2021;39(2):271-287. doi:10.17065/huniibf.769258
Chicago Saylam, Ayşegül. “KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE BİR E-KATILIM MODELİ OLARAK BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ (BİT) DESTEKLİ KİTLE KAYNAK KULLANIMI”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 39, sy. 2 (Haziran 2021): 271-87. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.769258.
EndNote Saylam A (01 Haziran 2021) KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE BİR E-KATILIM MODELİ OLARAK BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ (BİT) DESTEKLİ KİTLE KAYNAK KULLANIMI. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 39 2 271–287.
IEEE A. Saylam, “KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE BİR E-KATILIM MODELİ OLARAK BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ (BİT) DESTEKLİ KİTLE KAYNAK KULLANIMI”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 39, sy. 2, ss. 271–287, 2021, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.769258.
ISNAD Saylam, Ayşegül. “KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE BİR E-KATILIM MODELİ OLARAK BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ (BİT) DESTEKLİ KİTLE KAYNAK KULLANIMI”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 39/2 (Haziran 2021), 271-287. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.769258.
JAMA Saylam A. KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE BİR E-KATILIM MODELİ OLARAK BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ (BİT) DESTEKLİ KİTLE KAYNAK KULLANIMI. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;39:271–287.
MLA Saylam, Ayşegül. “KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE BİR E-KATILIM MODELİ OLARAK BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ (BİT) DESTEKLİ KİTLE KAYNAK KULLANIMI”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 39, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 271-87, doi:10.17065/huniibf.769258.
Vancouver Saylam A. KAMU YÖNETİMİNDE BİR E-KATILIM MODELİ OLARAK BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ (BİT) DESTEKLİ KİTLE KAYNAK KULLANIMI. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;39(2):271-87.

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