YENİ KÜRESEL GİRİŞİMLERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA HEDEFLERİN ROLÜ ÜZERİNE TEORİK BİR MODEL

Öz

Bu makale, girişimcilerin uluslararasılılaşma hedeflerinin (aspiration) nasıl oluştuğunu ve bu hedeflerin erken uluslararasılaşma süreçlerini nasıl şekillendirdiğini açıklayan teorik bir model önermektedir. Planlı davranış teorisini (Ajzen, 1991) ve davranışsal firma teorisini (Cyert ve March, 1963) bütünleştiren ve genişleten bu model, girişimcilerin tutumlarının, öznel normlarının ve algılanan davranışsal kontrolün uluslararasılaşma hedeflerinin öncüsü olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Bu hedefler, sırasıyla, girişimcilerin gerçekleştirmesi muhtemel olan çeşitli eylemleri etkiler. Dahası, girişimcilerin bu alternatifleri gerçekleştirmesi, bu eylemler için uygulama planlamasının özgüllüğü tarafından yönlendirilecektir. Bununla birlikte, dış çevre dinamizminin düzenleyici ılımlaştırıcı rolü bu eylemlerin uluslararasılaşma başarısını etkileyecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Erken Uluslarasılılaşma
• Hedefler
• Planlı Davranış Teorisi
• Davranışsal Firma Teorisi

A THEORETICAL MODEL ON THE ROLE OF ASPIRATIONS IN THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF BORN GLOBAL COMPANIES

Öz

This paper proposes a theoretical model explaining how entrepreneurs’ international aspirations are formed and how these aspirations shape early internationalization processes. By integrating and extending the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991) and the behavioral theory of the firm (Cyert & March, 1963), the model suggests that entrepreneurs’ attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are antecedents to the level of aspirations to internationalize, which, in turn, influence the variety of actions that entrepreneurs take. Moreover, the model highlights the mediating role of implementation planning and the moderating role of environmental dynamism in the early internationalization process.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Early internationalization
• Aspirations
• Theory of Planned Behavior
• Behavioral Theory of the Firm

Kaynakça

1. Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. (2003). Implications of goal theories for the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. Current Psychology, 22(3), 264-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-003-1021-7.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 50, 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
3. Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behavior: Reactions and reflections. Psychology and Health, 26(9), 1113-1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995.
4. Autio, E., Sapienza, H.J., & Almeida, J.G. (2000). The effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 909-924. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556419
5. Baier-Fuentes, H., Jose, M., Amoros, J.E., & Gaviria-Marin, M. (2019a). International entrepreneurship: A bibliometric overview. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(2), 385-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0487-y.
6. Baier-Fuentes, H., Hormiga, E., Miravitlles, P., & Blanco-Mesa, F. (2019b). International entrepreneurship: A critical review of the research field. European Journal of International Management, 13(3), 381-412. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2019.099427.
7. Bhide, A. (2000). The origin and evolution of new businesses. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
8. Braunerhjelm, P., & Halldin, T. (2019). Born globals – presence, performance and prospects. International Business Review, 28(1), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.07.004.

9. Bromiley, P. (2005). The Behavioral Foundations of Strategic Management Research. Blackwell.
10. Cavusgil, S. T., & Knight, G. (2015). The born global firm: An entrepreneurial and capabilities perspective on early and rapid internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.62.
11. Cooke, R., & Sheeran, P. (2004), Moderation of cognition-intention and cognition behavior relations: A Meta-analysis of properties of variables from the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 159-186. https://doi.org/10.1348/0144666041501688.
12. Covin., J.G., & Slevin, D.P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100107.
13. Cyert, R., & Mach, J. (1963). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
14. De Clercq, D., Sapienza, H., Yavuz, R.I., & Zhou, L. (2012). Learning and knowledge in early internationalization research: Past accomplishments and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 143-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.09.003.
15. Dess, G.G., & Beard, D.W. (1984). Dimensions of organizational task environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(1), 52-73. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393080.
16. Eurofound (2012). Born global: The potential of job creation in new international business, Publications Office of the European Union.
17. Evers, N. & O’Gorman, C. (2011). Improvised internationalization in new ventures: The role of prior knowledge and networks, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23(7-8),549-574. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985621003690299.
18. Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. (1996). Strategic Leadership: Top Executives and their Effects on Organization. West Publishing Company, US.
19. George, G., Wiklund, J., & Zahra, S. (2005). Ownership and internationalization of small firms. Journal of Management, 31(2), 210-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271760.
20. Greve, H. R. (2002). Sticky aspirations: Organizational time perspective and competitiveness. Organization Science, 13(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.13.1.1.540.
21. Haynie, J. M., Shepherd, D. A., Mosakowski, E., & Earley, P. C. (2010). A situated metacognitive model of the entrepreneurial mindset. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.10.001.
22. Hessels, J., & Stel, A. (2007). Entrepreneurship, export orientation, and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 37, 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9233-3.
23. Hu, S., & Lanese, R. (1998). The applicability of the theory of planned behavior to the intention to quit smoking across workplaces in Southern Taiwan. Addictive Behaviors, 23(2), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(97)00045-2.
24. Hyland, M.E. (1998). Motivational control theory: an integrative framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 642-651. https://doi.org/10.1037/12343-008.
25. Keupp, M. M., & Gassmann, O. (2009). The past and the future of international entrepreneurship: a review and suggestions for developing the field”. Journal of Management, 35(3), 600-633. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308330558.
26. Klotz, A.C., Hmieleski, K.M., Bradley, B.H. & Busenitz, L.W. (2014). New venture teams: a review of the literature and roadmap for future research. Journal of Management, 40(1), 226-255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313493325
27. Lant, T. K. (1992). Aspiration level adaptation: An empirical exploration. Management Science 38(5), 623-644. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.38.5.623.
28. Levinthal, D., & J. G. March (1981). A model of adaptive organizational search. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organizations, 2, 307-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/01672681(81)90012-3.
29. McCormick, M., & Fernhaber, S. (2017). Our growth expectations being met? Implications for the internationalization of micro-sized ventures. Small Business Economics, 50, 591-605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9909-z.
30. McEachan, R.R.C., Conner, M., Taylor, N., & Lawton, R.J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviors with the Theory of Planned Behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5, 97–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.521684.
31. Mezias, S., Chen, Y.R. & Murphy, P. R. (2002). Aspiration-level adaption in an American financial services organization: A field study. Management Science, 48(10), 1285-1300. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.10.1285.277.
32. National Science Foundation (2000). Indicators 2000-Chapter 7: Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace-Highlights.
33. OECD (1997). Globalization and small and medium enterprises, Paris, OECD.
34. Oviatt, B., & McDougall, P. (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1), 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490193.
35. Patel, P.C., Criaco, G., & Naldi, L. (2018). Geographic diversification and survival of born-globals. Journal of Management, 44(5), 2008-2036. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316635251.
36. Saba A., Moneta E., Nardo N., & Sinesio F. (1998). Attitudes, habit, sensory and liking expectation as determinant of the consumption of milk. Food Quality and Preference, 9(1-2), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-3293(97)00024-4.
37. Sapienza, H., De Clercq D., & Sandberg, W.R. (2005). Antecedents of international and domestic learning effort. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(4), 437-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.03.001.
38. Sapienza, H., Autio, E., George, G. & Zahra, S. (2006). The effect of early internationalization on firm profitability and growth. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 914-933. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.22527465.
39. Sarasvathy, S. (2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. The Academy of Management Review, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2001.4378020.
40. Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention-behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. European Review of Social Psychology, 12, 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792772143000003.
41. Shrader, R. C., Oviatt B. M., & McDougall P. P. (2000). How ventures exploit tradeoffs among international risk factors: Lessons for the accelerated internationalization of the 21st century. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1227-1247. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556347.
42. Sommer, L. (2010). Internationalization processes of small- and medium-sized enterprises – a matter of attitude? Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8, 288-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0052-z.
43. Stock, J., & Cervone, D. (1990). Proximal goal-setting and self-regulatory processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 483-498. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172969.
44. Surdu, I., Greve, H., & Benito, G. (2020). Back to basics: behavioral theory and internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies. 52, 1047-1068. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00388-w.
45. Terjesen, S., Hessels, J., & Li, D. (2016). Comparative international entrepreneurship: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 42(1), 299-344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313486259.
46. Wasowska, A. (2019). Social cognitive antecedents of new venture internationalization: The role of entrepreneur intention, self-efficacy, and positive orientation. Baltic Journal of Management, 14(3), 462-479. https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-09-2018-0325.
47. Wennberg, K., & Holmquist, C. (2008). Problematic search and international entrepreneurship. European Management Journal, 26(6), 441-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2008.09.007.
48. Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2003). Aspiring for and achieving growth: The moderating role of resources and opportunities. Journal of Management Studies, 40(8), 1919-1941. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-6486.2003.00406.x.
49. Zahra, S.A., Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M.A. (2000). International expansion by new venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 925-950. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556420.
50. Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). International entrepreneurship: The current status of the field and future research agenda” in Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a new mindset. M. A. Hitt, R. D. Ireland and D. L. Sexton. London, UK, Blackwell: 255-288.
51. Zahra, S.A., & Wright, M. (2011). Entrepreneurship’s next act. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(4), 67-83. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23208294.
52. Zheng, C., Khavul, S., & Zahra, S. (2005). Aspiration, motivation and internationalization behavior. Paper presented at the Annual Strategic Management Society Meeting.