ÜRETİM İLİŞKİLERİNİN KÜRESEL EKONOMİ ÖLÇEĞİNDE ANALİZİ: COVİD-19 ÖNCESİ VE SONRASI

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 4, 599 - 617, 29.12.2021

Özgün Sarımehmet Duman

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.907185

Öz

Emek ve sermayenin ana bileşenlerini oluşturduğu üretim ilişkileri farklı tarihsel aşamalardan geçmiştir. Neoliberalizm çatısı altında kesintisiz bir kapitalist birikim hedefinin ön plana çıkmasıyla kapsamı gitgide genişleyen uluslararası ticaret, ulus ötesi üretim ve küresel iş bölümü çerçevesinde ekonomik ilişkiler küresel ölçeğe taşınmıştır. Bunun bir sonucu olarak ulusal ekonomiler birbirine bağımlı hale gelmiş; ekonomik sarsıntıların ülkeler üzerinde yarattığı domino etkisi en son beklenmedik bir biçimde gelişen Covid-19 küresel salgını sürecinde yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışma, neoliberalizmin pekiştiği 2000’li yıllarda en yüksek ihracat rakamlarına ulaşan 12 Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]) üyesi ülkeyi örneklem alarak, salgın öncesi ve sonrasının ihracat ve endüstriyel üretim seviyeleri ile istihdam, işsizlik, eylemsizlik, ücret, emek üretkenliği ve birim emek maliyeti verilerini karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektedir. Analiz sonuçları salgın öncesi dönemde artı-değer bazlı sermaye birikimi artışlarını ve bu artışların emek temelli kaynağını net biçimde göstermiş; Covid-19 sonrası küresel piyasalarda üretim ilişkilerinin değişimi açısından da sağlam bir karşılaştırma zemini sunmuştur. Buna göre salgının özellikle 2020 yılının ikinci çeyreğinde dünya ekonomilerinde yarattığı tahribatın hem emek hem de sermaye tarafından derinden hissedilmiştir. Ancak yılın üçüncü çeyreğinden itibaren ihracat ve endüstriyel üretimde yaşanan toparlanmaya rağmen emeğin konumunda bir değişim gerçekleşmediği görülmüştür. Hak kayıplarının kalıcı olup olmayacağı sorusunu akılda tutarak, Covid-19 krizinin ekonomik maliyetini emeğin üstlenmekte olduğu söylenebilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

emek, Kovid-19, küresel ekonomi, neoliberalizm, üretim, sermaye

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

AN ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTİON RELATIONS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: BEFORE AND AFTER COVID-19

Öz

Production relations, main components of which are labour and capital, has gone through various phases. With the rise of neoliberalism, economic relations have shifted to the global scale under the increasing influence of international trade, transnational production and global division of labour. This has increased the dependency among national economies and created a domino effect in the global markets, the last incidence of which was the unexpected existence of Covid-19 pandemic. This research focuses on 12 member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that have reached the highest levels of export since the 2000s. It comparatively analyses export and industrial production levels, employment, unemployment, inactivity, wages, labour productivity and unit labour costs before and after Covid-19. It indicates that the increase in capital accumulation was owed to labour surplus before the Covid-19 period. Based on this, it argues that the disastrous effects of the pandemic were suffered by both capital and labour in the second quarter of 2020. Export and industrial production levels has started to recover from the third quarter onwards, however, no improvements have been achieved on the labour side. Keeping in mind the question of whether the loss of rights will be permanent, it argues that labour currently shoulders the economic cost of Covid-19 economic crisis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Capital, Covid-19, global economy, labour, neoliberalism, production

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

• Abbott, F.M., C. Breining-Kaufmann, T. Cottier (2006), International Trade and Human Rights: Foundations and Conceptual Issues, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
• Althusser, L. (2014), On the Reproduction of Capitalism: Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses, Londra ve New York: Verso, (Orijinal eser 1971 yılında basıldı).
• Azmanova, A. (2012), “Social Justice and Varieties of Capitalism: An immanent critique”, New Political Economy, 17(4), 445-463.
• Birinci, S., F. Karahan, Y. Mercan, K. See (2021), “Labor Market Policies During an Epidemic”, Journal of Public Economics, 194, 1-15.
• Bonefeld, W. (1995), “Capital as Subject and the Existence of Labour”, W. Bonefeld, R. Gunn, J. Holloway ve K. Psychopedis (Ed.), Open Marxism III Emancipating Marx içinde, Londra: Pluto Press, 182-212.
• Bonefeld, W. (2002), “Capital, Labour and Primitive Accumulation: On Class and Constitution”, A. C. Dinerstein ve M. Neary (Ed.), The Labour Debate içinde, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 65-88.
• Bonefeld, W. (2007), “Küreselleşme ve İnsani Gelişim”, W. Bonefeld ve J. Holloway (Ed.), Küreselleşme Çağında Para ve Sınıf Mücadelesi içinde, İstanbul: Otonom Yayıncılık, 111-131.
• Braudel, F. (1979), The Perspective of the World: Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century, C:3, New York: Harper & Row.
• Clarke, S. (1992), “The Global Accumulation of Capital and the Periodisation of the Capitalist State”, W. Bonefeld, R. Gunn ve K. Psychopedis (Ed.), Open Marxism: Dialectics and History içinde, Londra: Pluto, 133-150.
• Clarke, S. (2002), “Class Struggle and the Working Class: The Problem of Commodity Fetishism”, A.C. Dinerstein ve M. Neary (Ed.), The Labour Debate içinde, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 41-60.
• Coote, B. (1992), The Trade Trap, Oxford: Oxfam.
• Delios, A., Perchthold, G., Capri, A. (2021), “Cohesion, COVID-19 and Contemporary Challenges to Globalization”, Journal of World Business, 56(3), 1-8.
• Dos Santos, T. (1970), “The Structure of Dependency”, American Economic Review, 60(21), 231-6.
• Dunford, M., B. Qi (2020), “Global reset: COVID-19, systemic rivalry and the global order”, Research in Globalization, 2, 1-12.
• Dunning, J. (1973), “The Determinants of International Production”, Oxford Economic Papers, 25(3), 289-336.
• Emmanuel, A. (1972), Unequal Exchange, Londra: New Left Books.
• Frank, A. G. (1967), Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America, New York: Monthly Review.
• Free, C., A. Hecimovic (2020), “Global Supply Chains after COVID-19: the end of the Road for Neoliberal Globalisation?”, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 34(1), 58-84.
• Gilpin, R. (1981), Change and War in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Goldin, I., K. Reinert (2007), Globalization for Development: Trade, Finance, Aid, Migration and Policy, Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank. Gough, J. (2003), Work, Locality and the Rhythms of Capital, Londra: Continuum.
• Gramsci, A. (1992), Prison Notebooks, New York: Colombia University Press, (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1947).
• Gruszczynski, L. (2020), “The COVID-19 Pandemic and International Trade: Temporary Turbulence or Paradigm Shift?”, European Journal of Risk Regulation, 11(2), 337-342.
• Gunessee, S., Subramanian, N. (2020), “Ambiguity and its Coping Mechanisms İn Supply Chains Lessons From The Covid-19 Pandemic And Natural Disasters”, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 40(7/8), 1201-1223.
• Hamilton, A. (1991), “Report on Manufactures”, G. T. Crane ve A. Amawi (der.) içinde, The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy: A Reader, Oxford: Oxford University Press, (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1971).
• Harvey, D. (2005), A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hayek, F.A. von (1944), The Road to Serfdom, Londra: George Routledge & Sons.
• Heckscher, E. (1949), “The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income”, H. S. Ellis ve L. A. Metzler (Ed.), Readings in the Theory of International Trade içinde, Homewood: Irwin, (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1919).
• Hymer, S. (1979), The Multinational Corporation: A Radical Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• International Labour Organization (2020), COVID-19: Guidance for Labour Statistics Data Collection.
• https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/dgreports/stat/documents/publication/wcms_741145.pdf, E.T.: 20.02.2021.
• International Labour Organization (2021), ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work, 7. Baskı. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/dgreports/dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028. pdf, E.T.: 20.02.2021.
• Ivanov, D. (2020), “Predicting the Impacts of Epidemic Outbreaks on Global Supply Chains: A Simulation-Based Analysis on The Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) Case”, Transportation Research Part E, 136, 1-14.
• Jomo, K.S., A. Chowdhury (2020), “COVID-19 Pandemic Recession and Recovery”, Development, 63, 226–237.
• Kennedy, P. (1987), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, New York: Random House.
• Keohane, R. O., J. Nye (1977), Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, Boston: Little, Brown.
• Keynes, J. M. (1936), The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Londra: Macmillan.
• Krasner, S. D. (1976), “State Power and the Structure of International Trade”, World Politics, 28(3), 317–48.
• Krugman, P. (Ed.) (1986), Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics, Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Kumar, A., S. Luthra, S. Mangla, Y. Kazançoğlu (2020), “COVID-19 Impact on Sustainable Production and Operations Management”, Sustainable Operations and Computers, 1, 1-7.
• Lee, S., D. Schmidt-Klau, S. Verick (2020), “The Labour Market Impact of the COVID-19: A Global Perspective”, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 63, 11-15.
• List, F. (1991), “Political and Cosmopolitical Economy”, G. T. Crane and A. Amawi (Ed.), The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy: A Reader içinde, Oxford: Oxford University Press, (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1885).
• Madeley, J. (1992), Trade and the Poor, Londra: Intermediate Technology.
• Marx, K. (1939/1973), Grundrisse, Londra: Penguin Books.
• Marx, K. (1887/1982), Capital - A Critique of Political Economy (Volume 1), Londra: Penguin Books.
• Marx, K., F. Engels (1848/1977), “The Communist Manifesto”, D. McLellan (Ed.), Karl Marx: Selected Writings içinde, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Matthews, A. (2008), “The European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy and Developing Countries: The Struggle for Coherence”, Journal of European Integration, 30(3), 381–99.
• McMichael, P. (1996), Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective, Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge.
• Mill, J. S. (2002), On Liberty, ABD: Dover Publications, (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1859).
• Mohajan, H. (2020), “Most Fatal Pandemic Covid-19 Outbreak: An Analysis of Economic Consequences”, Annals of Spiru Haret University, Economic Series, 20(2), 127-146.
• O’Brien, R., M. Williams (2016), Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics, Londra: Palgrave.
• Ohlin, B. (1933), Interregional and International Trade, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Ohmae, K. (1990), The Borderless World, Londra: Fontana.
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021a), Timeline, http://www.oecd.org/60-years/timeline/#selectorBlock, E.T.: 26.02.2021.
• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021b), Statistics. https://stats.oecd.org, E.T.: 26.02.2021.
• Paul, S. K., P. Chowdhury (2020), “A Production Recovery plan in Manufacturing Supply chains for a High-Demand item During COVID-19”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 51(2), 104-125.
• Poulantzas, N. (2000), State, Power, Socialism, Finlandiya: Verso, (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1978).
• Ricardo, D. (1992), The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Londra: J. M. Dent, Everyman’s Library, (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1817).
• Sankaran, K. (2020), “Emerging Perspectives in Labour Regulation in the Wake of COVID-19”, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 63(1), 91-95.
• Savran, S. (2007), “Yalın Üretim ve Esneklik: Taylorizmin En Yüksek Aşaması”, Devrimci Marksizm, 3, 131-173.
• Sell, S. K. (2020), “What COVID-19 Reveals About Twenty-First Century Capitalism: Adversity and Opportunity”, Development, 63, 150–156.
• Smith, A. (1983), The Wealth of Nations, New York: Penguin, (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1976).
• Sokol, M., L. Pataccini (2020), “Winners and Losers in Corovavirus Times: Financialisation, Financial Chains and Emerging Economic Geographies of the Covid-19 Pandemic”, Journal of Economic and Human Geography, 111(3), 401-415.
• Song, L., Zhou, Y. (2020), “The COVID‐19 Pandemic and Its Impact on the Global Economy: What Does It Take to Turn Crisis into Opportunity?”, China and World Economy, 28(4), 1-25.
• Spencer, H. (1995), Social Statics: or, The Conditions essential to Happiness specified, and the First of them Developed, Londra: John Chapman, (Orijinal yayın tarihi, 1851).
• Strange, S. (1988), States and Markets, Londra: Pinter.
• The Global Economy (2021), Business and economic data for 200 countries. https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/compare-countries/, E.T.: 01.02.2021.
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2007), Trade and Development Report. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdr2007_en.pdf, E.T.: 01.02.2021.
• van Barneveld, K., M. Quinlan, P. Kriesler, A. Junor, F. Baum, A. Chowdhury, P.N.R. Junankar, S. Clibborn, F. Flanagan, C. Wright, S. Friel, J. Halevi, A. Rainnie (2020), “The COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons on Building more Equal and Sustainable Societies”, The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 31(2), 133-157.
• Verma, A. (2003), “Global Labour Standards: Can We Get from Here to There?”, International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, 19(4), 515–34.
• Vernon, R. (1966), “International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190-207.
• Vidya, C. T., Prabheesh, K. P. (2020), “Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Global Trade Networks”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 56, 2408-2421.
• World Trade Monitor (2021), https://www.cpb.nl/en/worldtrademonitor, E.T.: 01.02.2021.
• World Trade Organization (2020a), Trade set to Plunge as COVID-19 Pandemic Upends Global Economy, Basın Açıklaması, 8 Nisan, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr855_e.htm, E.T.: 01.02.2021.
• World Trade Organization (2020b), Overview of Developments in the International Trading Environment. https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/TPR/OV23.pdf&Open=True, E.T.: 01.02.2021.