YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİ ÜRÜN İHRACATINI BELİRLEYEN MAKROEKONOMİK FAKTÖRLER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2, 343 - 367, 28.06.2022

Devran Şanlı Aziz Konukman

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.947776

Cited By: 1

Öz

Teknolojinin ulusal düzeyde ortaya çıkması ve uluslararası yayılım göstermesi sadece mühendislik ve uygulamalı disiplinler tarafından değil aynı zamanda iktisadi koşullar tarafından belirlenen bir olgudur. Teknoloji yoğun ihracatın iktisadi faktörlerini araştıran mevcut ampirik literatürde farklı bulgu ve kanıtlar sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışma, sofistike ve teknoloji yoğun ihracatın (HT) makro iktisadi belirleyicilerini tespit etmeye yönelik literatürde bulunan aktif bir tartışmaya ağırlıklı olarak orta ve yüksek gelir grubundaki ülkeler örnekleminde katkı sunmaktadır. İhracat sofistikasyon düzeyi HT payı yanı sıra EXPY endeksiyle hesaplanmıştır. Analiz panel veri ekonometrisi yöntemleriyle 1988-2017 dönemi ve 49 ülke için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Açıklayıcı değişkenler olarak fiziki-beşeri sermaye, Ar-Ge, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, döviz kuru ve ülke ölçeği seçilmiştir. Ekonometrik bulgular, yerel teknolojik kapasiteyi oluşturan fiziki sermaye, beşeri sermaye ve Ar-Ge harcamalarının HT ihracatının baskın kaynakları olduğunu göstermektedir. HT ihracatı artışında ulusal teknolojik kapasiteyle birlikte yayılım ve ölçek etkileri de önemlidir. Beşerî sermaye önemli bir düzeyde ve üstelik diğer bütün değişkenlerin hepsinden daha fazla HT ihracatını artırmaktadır. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların yayılım etkisi anlamlıdır ancak etkinin boyutu ulusal teknolojik kapasiteyi oluşturan değişkenlerin boyutundan daha düşüktür. Sonuçlar, kamu politikalarının eğitim, yatırım ve Ar-Ge alanlarındaki kompozisyonun önemine işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yüksek Teknoloji İhracatı, EXPY Endeksi, Beşeri Sermaye, Ar-Ge

AN EMPRCAL ANALYSS ON MACROECONOMC FACTORS DETERMNNG HGH-TECH EXPORTS

Öz

The emergence of technology at the national level and its international spillovers is a phenomenon determined not only by engineering and applied disciplines but also by economic conditions. Different findings are presented in the existing empirical literature investigating the economic factors of technology-intensive (HT) exports. This study contributes to an active debate in the literature on identifying the macroeconomic determinants of HT exports, mainly in the sample of middle and high-income countries. Export sophistication level was calculated with HT ratio and EXPY index. The analysis was carried out between 1988 and 2017 in 49 countries. Physical and human capital, research and development (R&D), foreign direct investments, exchange rate and country scale were chosen as explanatory variables. Findings show that physical and human capital, R&D expenditures, which constitute local technological capacity, are the primary sources of HT exports. Along with the national technological capacity, diffusion and scale effects are also important in the increase in HT exports. Human capital increases HT exports more than any other variable. The spillover effect of foreign direct investments is significant, but the magnitude is lower than the size of the variables that make up the national technological capacity. The results point to the importance of the composition of public policies in the fields of education, investment, and R&D.

Anahtar Kelimeler

High-Tech Exports, EXPY Index, Human Capital, R&D.

Kaynakça

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