Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

A Comparative Analysis of Public Policies on Vaccination

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 62 - 84, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1099139

Öz

Disasters such as pandemic of infectious diseases, which cause emergencies in terms of public health, can cause both the death of millions of people and the deterioration of the balance of social, political and economic systems. The most recent example of this situation is the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, the study examined the design and implementation stages of mass vaccine policies developed to control various pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine preventable diseases as an example of public policy implementation. In this direction, secondary data were collected from the relevant field, especially on the factors that make vaccination policies unsuccessful, and in the light of these data, some suggestions that are thought to contribute to the more effective implementation of future vaccination policies are presented. These recommendations: 1- Giving more importance to vaccination campaigns, 2- Developing and accelerating decision-making processes, 3- Keeping transparency at the foreground, 4- Creating balanced vaccination policies, 5- Allocating sufficient budgets for new technologies, 6- Increasing inspections in vaccination practices, 7- Gaining the trust of the public, 8- Collaborating with health workers and other stakeholders, 9- Organizing special trainings for parents and caregivers, 10- Fighting the lack of information, 11- Correct and effective use of mass media.

Kaynakça

  • Baden, L., El Sahly, H., Essink, B., Doblecki-Lewis, S., Martin, J., Anderson, E., Campbell, T. B., Clark, J., Jackson, L., Fichtenbaum, C., Zervos, M., Rankin, B., Eder, F., Feldman, G., Kennelly, C., Han-Conrad, L., Levin, M., Neuzil, K., Corey, L., Gilbert, P., Janes, H., Follmann, D., Marovich, M., Polakowski, L., Mascola, J., Ledgerwood, J., Graham, B., August, A., Clouting, H., Deng, W., Han, S., Leav, B., Manzo, D., Pajon, R., Schödel, F., Tomassini, J., Zhou, H. & Miller, J. (2021). Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-Cov-2 vaccine at completion of blinded phase. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(19), 1774-1785. https://doi.org//10.1056/NEJMoa2113017
  • Baekkeskov, E. (2016). Same threat, different responses: Experts steering politicians and stakeholders in 2009 H1N1 vaccination policy‐making. Public Administration, 94(2), 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12244
  • Baekkeskov, E. & Rubin O. (2014). Why pandemic response is unique: Powerful experts and hands-off political leaders. Disaster Prevention and Management, 23(1), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-05-2012-0060 Bernard, N. R., Basit, A., Sofija, E., Phung, H., Lee, J., Rutherford, S., Sebar, B., Harris, N., Phung, D. & Wiseman, N. (2021). Analysis of crisis communication by the prime minister of australia during. Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 62, 102375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102375
  • Birkland, T. A. (2010). An ıntroduction to the policy process: theories, concepts, and models of public policy making. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
  • Bryson, M., Duclos, P., Jolly, A. & Çakmak, N. (2010). A global look at national immunization technical advisory groups. Vaccine, 28, A13-A17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.089
  • Casula, M. & Toth, F. (2021). The 2017 Italian reform on mandatory childhood vaccinations: Analysis of the policy process and early implementation. Health Policy, 125(1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.11.004
  • Chigwedere, P., Seage, G., Gruskin, S., Lee, T. & Essex (2008). Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 49(4), 410-415. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818a6cd5
  • Galles, N., Liu, P., Updike, R., Fullman, N., Nguyen, J., Rolfe, S., vd. (2021). Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2020, Release 1. The Lancet, 398(10299),503-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00984-3
  • Greenwood, M. & Yule, U. (1915). The statistics of anti-typhoid and anti-cholera inoculations, and the interpretation of such statistics in general. https://doi/pdf/10.1177/003591571500801433
  • Henley, J. & Roy, E. A. (2020). Are female leaders more successful at managing the Coronavirus Crisis. The Guardian, 25. 10 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/25/why-do-female-leaders-seem-to-be-more-successful-at-managing-the-coronavirus-crisis adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Ho, L., Gurung, S., Mirza, I., Nicolas, H. D., Steulet, C., Burman, A., Danovaro-Holliday, C., Sodha, S. & Kretsinger, K. (2021). Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on vaccine preventable disease campaigns. 5 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://ssrn.com/abstract=3963780 adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Jung, J. (2021). Preparing for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination: Evidence, plans, and implications. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 36(7), e59. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e59
  • Karmaker, C. L., Ahmed, T., Ahmed, S., Mithun, S., Moktadir, A. & Kabir, G. (2021). Improving supply chain sustainability in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in an emerging economy: Exploring drivers using an integrated model. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26, 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.09.019
  • Larson, H. J., Figueiredo, A., Xiahong, Z., Schulz, W., Verger, P., Johnston, L., Cook, A. & Jones, N. (2016). The state of vaccine confidence 2016: Global insights through a 67-country survey. Ebiomedicine, 12, 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.042
  • Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., Kimball, S. & El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 225-228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9
  • MacDonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161-4164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
  • Maitlis, S. & Christianson, M. (2014). Sensemaking in organizations: Taking stock and moving forward. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 57-125. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2014.873177
  • Manupati, V. K., Schoenherr, T., Subramanian, N., Ramkumar, M., Soni, B. & Panigrahi, S. (2021). A multi-echelon dynamic cold chain for managing vaccine distribution. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 156, 102542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2021.102542
  • Mathieu, E. (2021). Which countries are on track to reach global COVID-19 vaccination targets?. 10 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccination-global-projections adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Medeiros, K. E., Crayne, M. P., Griffith, J. A., Hardy III, J. H. & Damadzic, A. (2022). Leader sensemaking style in response to crisis: Consequences and insights from the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 187, 111406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111406
  • Navin, M. C., Kozak, A. T. & Attwell, K. (2021). School staff and immunization governance: Missed opportunities for public health promotion. Vaccine, 40(51), 7433-7439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.061
  • Neufeind, J., Betsch, C., Habersaat, K. B., Eckardt, M., Schmid, P. & Wichmann, O. (2020). Barriers and drivers to adult vaccination among family physicians-insights for tailoring the immunization program in Germany. Vaccine, 38(27), 4252-4262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.052
  • Nohynek, H., Wichmann, O., D'Ancona, F. & Gatekeepers, V. N. (2013). National advisory groups and their role in immunization policy-making processes in European countries. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19(12), 1096-1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12315
  • Onyemelukwe, C. (2016). Can legislation mandating vaccination solve the challenges of routine childhood immunisation in Nigeria?. Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal, 16(1), 100-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729342.2016.1244450
  • Orhan, G. & Yalçın, L. (2015). Ağlar, yönetişim ve ağ yönetişimi: Tarihsel ve kavramsal bir değerlendirme’’, Köseoğlu, Ö. & Sobacı, M. Z. (Der.), Kamu Yönetiminde Paradigma Arayışları: Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliği ve Ötesi. Bursa: Dora yayınları. 171-204.
  • Our World in Data. (2019). Vaccination. 12 Aralık 2021 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/vaccination adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Piso, B. & Wild, C. (2009). Decision support in vaccination policies. Vaccine, 27(43), 5923-5928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.105
  • Plotkin, S., Robinson, J., Cunninghamc, G., Iqbald, R. & Larsen, S. (2017). The complexity and cost of vaccine manufacturing-an overview. Vaccine, 35(33), 4064-4071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.003
  • Polack, F., Thomas, S., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J., Marc, G., Moreira, E., Zerbini, C., Bailey, R., Swanson, K., Roychoudhury, S., Koury, K., Li, P., Kalina, W., Cooper, D., Frenck, R., Hammitt, L., Türeci, Ö., Nell, H., Schaefer, A., Ünal, S., Tresnan, D., Mather, S., Dormitzer, P., Şahin, U., Jansen, K. & Gruber, W. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 383, 2603-2615. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
  • Qiu, J., Hu, H., Zhou, S., & Liu, Q. (2016). Vaccine scandal and crisis in public confidence in China. The Lancet, 387(10036), 2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30737-1
  • Rainey, J., Watkinsa, M., Rymana, T., Sandhua, P., Boa, A. & Banerjeeb, K. (2011). Reasons related to non-vaccination and under-vaccination of children in low and middle income countries: Findings from a systematic review of the published literature, 1999–2009. Vaccine, 29(46), 8215-8221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.096
  • Rappuoli, R. & Hanon, E. (2018). Sustainable vaccine development: A vaccine manufacturer’s perspective. Current Opinion in Immunology, 53, 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.019
  • Rhodes, N., Wright, T., Rusu, V., Bakhtari, H., Cushing, J. & Kohler, J. (2021). For whose benefit? transparency in the development and procurement of COVID-19 vaccines. 1 Aralık 2021 tarihinde https://transparency.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/publications/For%20Whose%20Benefit%20-%20Transparency%20International.pdf adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Siddiqi, S., Masud, T., Nishtar, S., Peters, D., Sabri, P., Bile, K. & Jama, M. A. (2009). Framework for assessing governance of the health system in developing countries: Gateway to good governance. Health Policy, 90(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.08.005
  • Silva, M. L., Perrier, L., Cohen, J. M., Paget, W., Mosnier, A. & Späth, H. M. (2015). A literature review to identify factors that determine policies for influenza vaccination. Health Policy, 119(6), 697-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.04.006
  • Steffen, C., Henaffa, L., Durupta, A., El Omeiri, N., Ndiaye, S., Batmunkh, N., Liyanage, J., Hasan, Q., Mosina, L., Jones, I., O'Brien, K. & Hombach, J. (2021). Evidence-informed vaccination decision-making in countries: Progress, challenges and opportunities. Vaccine, 39(15), 2146-2152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.055
  • Tentori, K., Timberlake, B. & Pighin. S. (2021). The misunderstanding of vaccine efficacy. Social Science & Medicine, 289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114273
  • Vanderslott, S. & Marks, T. (2021). Charting mandatory childhood vaccination policies worldwide. Vaccine, 39, 4054–4062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.065
  • Weinberg, G. & Szilagyi, P. (2010). Vaccine epidemiology: Efficacy, effectiveness, and the translational research roadmap. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 201(11), 1607-1610. https://doi.org/10.1086/652404
  • World Health Organization (WHO, 2019). The global vaccine action plan 2011-2020: Review and lessons learned: strategic advisory group of experts on immunization. 16 Haziran 2021 tarihinde https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/329097 adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Zhuang, J. L., Wagner, A., Laffoon, M., Lu, H. H. & Jiang, Q. W. (2019). Procurement of category 2 vaccines in China. Vaccines, 7(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7030097

AŞILAMA KONULU KAMU POLİTİKALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 62 - 84, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1099139

Öz

Halk sağlığı açısından acil durumlara sebep olan bulaşıcı hastalık salgını gibi felaketler hem milyonlarca insanın ölümüne hem de sosyal, politik ve ekonomik sistemlerin dengesinin bozulmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bu duruma en güncel örnek COVID-19 salgınıdır. Bu sebeple çalışma, kamu politikası uygulama örneği olarak COVID-19 salgını başta olmak üzere çeşitli salgınları ve aşı ile önlenebilir hastalıkları kontrol altına almaya yönelik geliştirilen kitlesel aşı politikalarının tasarım ve uygulama aşamalarını incelemiştir. Genel olarak tıp alanının inceleme konusu olan aşılama politikalarına kamu politikası açısından bir bakış sunularak bu politikaların çok-disiplinli bir bakış açısıyla ele alınması hedeflenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda özellikle aşılama politikalarını başarısız kılan etkenler hakkındaki ikincil veriler toplanmış ve bu veriler ışığında, gelecekteki aşılama politikalarının daha etkin yürütülmesine katkı sağlayabileceği düşünülen birtakım öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu öneriler; 1- Aşı kampanyalarına daha fazla önem verilmesi, 2- Karar verme süreçlerinin geliştirilmesi ve hızlandırılması, 3- Şeffaflığın ön planda tutulması, 4- Dengeli aşılama politikaları oluşturulması, 5- Yeni teknolojilere yeterli bütçe ayrılması, 6- Aşı uygulamalarında denetimlerin artırılması, 7- Halkın güveninin kazanılması, 8- Sağlık çalışanları ve diğer paydaşlar ile iş birliği yapılması, 9- Ebeveynlere ve bakıcılara özel eğitimler düzenlenmesi, 10- Bilgi eksikliği ile mücadele edilmesi, 11- Kitle iletişim araçlarının doğru ve etkin kullanılması, olarak özetlenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Baden, L., El Sahly, H., Essink, B., Doblecki-Lewis, S., Martin, J., Anderson, E., Campbell, T. B., Clark, J., Jackson, L., Fichtenbaum, C., Zervos, M., Rankin, B., Eder, F., Feldman, G., Kennelly, C., Han-Conrad, L., Levin, M., Neuzil, K., Corey, L., Gilbert, P., Janes, H., Follmann, D., Marovich, M., Polakowski, L., Mascola, J., Ledgerwood, J., Graham, B., August, A., Clouting, H., Deng, W., Han, S., Leav, B., Manzo, D., Pajon, R., Schödel, F., Tomassini, J., Zhou, H. & Miller, J. (2021). Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-Cov-2 vaccine at completion of blinded phase. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(19), 1774-1785. https://doi.org//10.1056/NEJMoa2113017
  • Baekkeskov, E. (2016). Same threat, different responses: Experts steering politicians and stakeholders in 2009 H1N1 vaccination policy‐making. Public Administration, 94(2), 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12244
  • Baekkeskov, E. & Rubin O. (2014). Why pandemic response is unique: Powerful experts and hands-off political leaders. Disaster Prevention and Management, 23(1), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-05-2012-0060 Bernard, N. R., Basit, A., Sofija, E., Phung, H., Lee, J., Rutherford, S., Sebar, B., Harris, N., Phung, D. & Wiseman, N. (2021). Analysis of crisis communication by the prime minister of australia during. Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 62, 102375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102375
  • Birkland, T. A. (2010). An ıntroduction to the policy process: theories, concepts, and models of public policy making. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
  • Bryson, M., Duclos, P., Jolly, A. & Çakmak, N. (2010). A global look at national immunization technical advisory groups. Vaccine, 28, A13-A17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.089
  • Casula, M. & Toth, F. (2021). The 2017 Italian reform on mandatory childhood vaccinations: Analysis of the policy process and early implementation. Health Policy, 125(1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.11.004
  • Chigwedere, P., Seage, G., Gruskin, S., Lee, T. & Essex (2008). Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 49(4), 410-415. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818a6cd5
  • Galles, N., Liu, P., Updike, R., Fullman, N., Nguyen, J., Rolfe, S., vd. (2021). Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2020, Release 1. The Lancet, 398(10299),503-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00984-3
  • Greenwood, M. & Yule, U. (1915). The statistics of anti-typhoid and anti-cholera inoculations, and the interpretation of such statistics in general. https://doi/pdf/10.1177/003591571500801433
  • Henley, J. & Roy, E. A. (2020). Are female leaders more successful at managing the Coronavirus Crisis. The Guardian, 25. 10 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/25/why-do-female-leaders-seem-to-be-more-successful-at-managing-the-coronavirus-crisis adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Ho, L., Gurung, S., Mirza, I., Nicolas, H. D., Steulet, C., Burman, A., Danovaro-Holliday, C., Sodha, S. & Kretsinger, K. (2021). Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on vaccine preventable disease campaigns. 5 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://ssrn.com/abstract=3963780 adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Jung, J. (2021). Preparing for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination: Evidence, plans, and implications. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 36(7), e59. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e59
  • Karmaker, C. L., Ahmed, T., Ahmed, S., Mithun, S., Moktadir, A. & Kabir, G. (2021). Improving supply chain sustainability in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in an emerging economy: Exploring drivers using an integrated model. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26, 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.09.019
  • Larson, H. J., Figueiredo, A., Xiahong, Z., Schulz, W., Verger, P., Johnston, L., Cook, A. & Jones, N. (2016). The state of vaccine confidence 2016: Global insights through a 67-country survey. Ebiomedicine, 12, 295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.042
  • Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., Kimball, S. & El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 225-228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9
  • MacDonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161-4164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
  • Maitlis, S. & Christianson, M. (2014). Sensemaking in organizations: Taking stock and moving forward. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 57-125. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2014.873177
  • Manupati, V. K., Schoenherr, T., Subramanian, N., Ramkumar, M., Soni, B. & Panigrahi, S. (2021). A multi-echelon dynamic cold chain for managing vaccine distribution. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 156, 102542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2021.102542
  • Mathieu, E. (2021). Which countries are on track to reach global COVID-19 vaccination targets?. 10 Nisan 2022 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccination-global-projections adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Medeiros, K. E., Crayne, M. P., Griffith, J. A., Hardy III, J. H. & Damadzic, A. (2022). Leader sensemaking style in response to crisis: Consequences and insights from the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 187, 111406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111406
  • Navin, M. C., Kozak, A. T. & Attwell, K. (2021). School staff and immunization governance: Missed opportunities for public health promotion. Vaccine, 40(51), 7433-7439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.061
  • Neufeind, J., Betsch, C., Habersaat, K. B., Eckardt, M., Schmid, P. & Wichmann, O. (2020). Barriers and drivers to adult vaccination among family physicians-insights for tailoring the immunization program in Germany. Vaccine, 38(27), 4252-4262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.052
  • Nohynek, H., Wichmann, O., D'Ancona, F. & Gatekeepers, V. N. (2013). National advisory groups and their role in immunization policy-making processes in European countries. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19(12), 1096-1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12315
  • Onyemelukwe, C. (2016). Can legislation mandating vaccination solve the challenges of routine childhood immunisation in Nigeria?. Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal, 16(1), 100-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729342.2016.1244450
  • Orhan, G. & Yalçın, L. (2015). Ağlar, yönetişim ve ağ yönetişimi: Tarihsel ve kavramsal bir değerlendirme’’, Köseoğlu, Ö. & Sobacı, M. Z. (Der.), Kamu Yönetiminde Paradigma Arayışları: Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliği ve Ötesi. Bursa: Dora yayınları. 171-204.
  • Our World in Data. (2019). Vaccination. 12 Aralık 2021 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/vaccination adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Piso, B. & Wild, C. (2009). Decision support in vaccination policies. Vaccine, 27(43), 5923-5928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.105
  • Plotkin, S., Robinson, J., Cunninghamc, G., Iqbald, R. & Larsen, S. (2017). The complexity and cost of vaccine manufacturing-an overview. Vaccine, 35(33), 4064-4071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.003
  • Polack, F., Thomas, S., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J., Marc, G., Moreira, E., Zerbini, C., Bailey, R., Swanson, K., Roychoudhury, S., Koury, K., Li, P., Kalina, W., Cooper, D., Frenck, R., Hammitt, L., Türeci, Ö., Nell, H., Schaefer, A., Ünal, S., Tresnan, D., Mather, S., Dormitzer, P., Şahin, U., Jansen, K. & Gruber, W. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 383, 2603-2615. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
  • Qiu, J., Hu, H., Zhou, S., & Liu, Q. (2016). Vaccine scandal and crisis in public confidence in China. The Lancet, 387(10036), 2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30737-1
  • Rainey, J., Watkinsa, M., Rymana, T., Sandhua, P., Boa, A. & Banerjeeb, K. (2011). Reasons related to non-vaccination and under-vaccination of children in low and middle income countries: Findings from a systematic review of the published literature, 1999–2009. Vaccine, 29(46), 8215-8221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.096
  • Rappuoli, R. & Hanon, E. (2018). Sustainable vaccine development: A vaccine manufacturer’s perspective. Current Opinion in Immunology, 53, 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.019
  • Rhodes, N., Wright, T., Rusu, V., Bakhtari, H., Cushing, J. & Kohler, J. (2021). For whose benefit? transparency in the development and procurement of COVID-19 vaccines. 1 Aralık 2021 tarihinde https://transparency.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdf/publications/For%20Whose%20Benefit%20-%20Transparency%20International.pdf adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Siddiqi, S., Masud, T., Nishtar, S., Peters, D., Sabri, P., Bile, K. & Jama, M. A. (2009). Framework for assessing governance of the health system in developing countries: Gateway to good governance. Health Policy, 90(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.08.005
  • Silva, M. L., Perrier, L., Cohen, J. M., Paget, W., Mosnier, A. & Späth, H. M. (2015). A literature review to identify factors that determine policies for influenza vaccination. Health Policy, 119(6), 697-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.04.006
  • Steffen, C., Henaffa, L., Durupta, A., El Omeiri, N., Ndiaye, S., Batmunkh, N., Liyanage, J., Hasan, Q., Mosina, L., Jones, I., O'Brien, K. & Hombach, J. (2021). Evidence-informed vaccination decision-making in countries: Progress, challenges and opportunities. Vaccine, 39(15), 2146-2152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.055
  • Tentori, K., Timberlake, B. & Pighin. S. (2021). The misunderstanding of vaccine efficacy. Social Science & Medicine, 289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114273
  • Vanderslott, S. & Marks, T. (2021). Charting mandatory childhood vaccination policies worldwide. Vaccine, 39, 4054–4062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.065
  • Weinberg, G. & Szilagyi, P. (2010). Vaccine epidemiology: Efficacy, effectiveness, and the translational research roadmap. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 201(11), 1607-1610. https://doi.org/10.1086/652404
  • World Health Organization (WHO, 2019). The global vaccine action plan 2011-2020: Review and lessons learned: strategic advisory group of experts on immunization. 16 Haziran 2021 tarihinde https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/329097 adresten erişilmiştir.
  • Zhuang, J. L., Wagner, A., Laffoon, M., Lu, H. H. & Jiang, Q. W. (2019). Procurement of category 2 vaccines in China. Vaccines, 7(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7030097
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

Hasret Semerci 0000-0002-7187-7729

Mete Yıldız 0000-0002-5864-6731

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Semerci, H., & Yıldız, M. (2023). AŞILAMA KONULU KAMU POLİTİKALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 62-84. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1099139
AMA Semerci H, Yıldız M. AŞILAMA KONULU KAMU POLİTİKALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Mart 2023;41(1):62-84. doi:10.17065/huniibf.1099139
Chicago Semerci, Hasret, ve Mete Yıldız. “AŞILAMA KONULU KAMU POLİTİKALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41, sy. 1 (Mart 2023): 62-84. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1099139.
EndNote Semerci H, Yıldız M (01 Mart 2023) AŞILAMA KONULU KAMU POLİTİKALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41 1 62–84.
IEEE H. Semerci ve M. Yıldız, “AŞILAMA KONULU KAMU POLİTİKALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 1, ss. 62–84, 2023, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.1099139.
ISNAD Semerci, Hasret - Yıldız, Mete. “AŞILAMA KONULU KAMU POLİTİKALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41/1 (Mart 2023), 62-84. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1099139.
JAMA Semerci H, Yıldız M. AŞILAMA KONULU KAMU POLİTİKALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41:62–84.
MLA Semerci, Hasret ve Mete Yıldız. “AŞILAMA KONULU KAMU POLİTİKALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 62-84, doi:10.17065/huniibf.1099139.
Vancouver Semerci H, Yıldız M. AŞILAMA KONULU KAMU POLİTİKALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41(1):62-84.

Dergiye yayımlanmak üzere gönderilecek yazılar Dergi'nin son sayfasında ve Dergi web sistesinde yer alan Yazar Rehberi'ndeki kurallara uygun olmalıdır.


Gizlilik Beyanı

Bu dergi sitesindeki isimler ve e-posta adresleri sadece bu derginin belirtilen amaçları doğrultusunda kullanılacaktır; farklı herhangi bir amaç için veya diğer kişilerin kullanımına açılmayacaktır.