Araştırma Makalesi
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TEHDİT ALGILARI VE SURİYELİ GÖÇMENLERE YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞI: TÜRKİYE’DEN BULGULAR

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 204 - 228, 15.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1112850

Öz

2011’den bu yana Suriye’de süren iç savaşın tetiklediği insan hareketleri sonucunda Türkiye-Suriye zorunlu göç sistemi uluslararası mülteci rejiminin en önemli unsuru oldu. 2015’ten itibaren Suriye en fazla mülteci veren konumuna gelirken, Türkiye en fazla mülteci ağırlayan ülke konumuna yükseldi. Bu gelişmenin önemli sonuçlarından biri, yerli halk ile mülteciler gibi farklı gruplar arasındaki ilişkilerin anlaşılması bakımından Türkiye’nin sosyal laboratuvara dönüşmesidir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Türkiye’de yerli halkın Suriyeli göçmenlerden tehdit algılarının göçmenlere yardım davranışına etkilerini incelemektedir. Bu incelemede spesifik olarak, maddi tehditler grubundaki ekonomik tehdit, iş tehdidi ve güvenlik tehdit algıları ile sembolik tehditler grubundaki kültürel tehdit algısının yerli halkın formel ve informel yardım etme eğilimlerine etkileri tahmin edilmiştir. Tahmin sonuçları, güvenlik tehdidi ile kültürel tehdidin iki yardım türünü olumsuz etkilediğini işaret etmektedir. Bu duruma karşıt, ekonomi alanındaki tehditler ile yardım davranışları arasında herhangi bir bağ saptanmamıştır. Ayrıca, güvenlik tehdidi ile kültürel tehdidin negatif etkileri hem düşük eğitimli hem yüksek eğitimli yerli halk gruplarında gözlenmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen kurum yoktur.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmada kullanılan veriyi paylaştıkları için KONDA Araştırma Kurumu’na teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca, makaleyi okuyup, eleştirilerini ve katkılarını paylaşan Cem Somel ile makalenin şablonunu düzenleyen ve düzeltmeler yapan Doğa Başar’a müteşekkirim.

Kaynakça

  • Aberson, L. C. (2019). Indirect effects of threat on the contact-prejudice relationship. Social Psychology, 50(2), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000364
  • Balkan, B., & Tumen, S. (2016). Immigration and prices: Quasi-experimental evidence from Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Populuation Economics, 29(3), 657–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-016-0583-2
  • Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011a). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924-973. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764010380927
  • Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011b). Who gives? A literature review of predictors of charitable giving. Part one: Religion, education, age and socialization. Voluntary Sector Review, 2(3), 337-365. https://doi.org/10.1332/204080511X6087712
  • Berg, J. A. (2013). Opposition to pro-immigration public policy. Symbolic racis and group threat. Sociological Inquiry, 83(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.2012.00437.x Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği. (2020). Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2019.
  • Bloom Ben-Nun, P., Arıkan G., & Lahav G. (2015). The effects of perceived cultural and material threats on ethnic preferences in immigration attitudes. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(10), 1760-1778. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1015581
  • Burhan, O., & Van Leeuwen, E. (2016). Altering percieved cultural and economic threats can increase immigrant helping. Journal of Social Issues, 72(3), 548-565. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12181
  • Butz, D. A., & Yogeeswaran, K. (2011). A new threat in the air: Macroeconomic threat increases prejudice against Asian American. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(1), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.07.014
  • Callens, M. S., Meulaman, B., & Marie, V. (2018). Contact, perceived threat, and attitudes toward assimilation and multiculturalism: Evidence from a majority and minority perspective in Luexemburg. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(2), 285-310. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118817656
  • Campbell, A., & D., Çarkoğlu, A. (2019). Informal giving in Turkey. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Non-Profit Organizations, 30(4), 738-753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-019-00095-7
  • Çarkoğlu, A., Campbell, D., & Aytaç, S. E. (2017). Determinants of formal giving in Turkey. Journal of Muslim Philanthropy and Civil Society, 1(1), 40-50.
  • Clifton, J., & Aberson, C. L. (2012). Measuring threat as it relates to social policy: Psychometric considerations. In B. O Hunter & T. J. Romero (Eds.). Psychology of Threat (pp. 111-140). Hauppauge NY: Nova.
  • Coenders, M., Lubbers, M., & Scheepers. (2008). Support for repatriation policies of migrants: Comparisons across and explanations for European countries. Journal of Comparative Sociology. 49 (2-3), 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715208088911
  • Costello, K., & Hodson, G. (2011). Social dominance-based threat reactions to immigrants in need of assistance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 220–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.769
  • Croucher, S. (2017). Integrated threat theory. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication.
  • Dunwoody, P. T., & McFarland, S. G. (2018). Support for anti-Muslim policies: The role of political traits and threat perception. Political Psychology, 39, 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12405
  • D’Hombres, B., & Nunziatan, L. (2016). Wish you were here? Quasi-experimental evidence on the effect of education on self-reported attitude toward immigrants. European Economic Review, 90, 201-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.02.007
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2018). Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler: Toplumsal Kabul ve Uyum. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Eren, Y. Esra. (2018). Mülteci Hukukunda Geçici Koruma. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Gree. T. G. E. (2009). Who can enter? A multilevel analysis on public support for immigration criteria across 20 European countries? Group Process and Intergroup Relations. 12(1), 41-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430208098776
  • Gonsalkorale, K., Carlisle, K., & Von Hippel, W. (2007). Intergroup threat increases implicit stereotyping. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 7(2), 189–200.
  • Hacettepe Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü (HÜNEE). (2019). Türkiye 2018 Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması Suriyeli Göçmen Örneklemi.
  • Hanson, G. H., Scheve, K., & Slaughter, M. J. (2007). Public finance and individual preferences over globalization strategies. Economics and Politics, 19(1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00300.x
  • Hooijer, G. (2020). ‘They take our houses’: Benefit competition, and the erosion of support for immigrants’ social rights. British Journal of Political Science? (?), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000150
  • Jackson, M. L., & Esses, M. V. (2000). Effects of perceived competition on people’s willingness to help empower immigrants. Group Process and Intergroup Relations, 3(4), 419-435. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430200003004006
  • Jedinger, A., & Eisentraut, M. (2020). Exploring the differential effects of perceived threat on attitudes toward ethnic minority groups in Germany. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2895. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02895
  • Kanas, A., Scheepers, P., & Sterkens, C. (2015). Interreligious contact, perceived group threat, and perceived discrimination: Predicting negative attitudes among religious minorities and majorities in Indonesia. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(2), 102–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272514564790
  • Li, T., & Zhao, Y. (2012). Help less or more: Perceived intergroup threat and out-group helping. International Journal of Pschological Studies, 4(4), 90-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v4n4p90
  • McLaren, M. L. (2003). Anti-immigrant prejudice in Europe: Contact, threat perception, and preferences for the exclusion of migrants. Social Forces, 81(3), 909-936. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00272
  • Nadler, Q. (2002). Intergroup helping relations as power relations: Maintaining or challenging scial dominance between groups through helping. Journal of Social Issues, 58 (3), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00272
  • Nadler, A., Harpaz-Gorodeisky, G., & Ben-David, Y. (2009). Defensive helping: Threat to group identity, ingroup identification, status stability, and common group identity as determinants of intergroup help-giving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(5), 823–834. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015968
  • Nadler, Q. (2012). From help-giving to help-relations: Belongingness and independence in social interaction. In Deaux, K., & Syneder, M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psycology. https://doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398991.012.0016
  • Pereira, C., Vala, J., & Costa‐Lopes, R. (2010). From prejudice to discrimination: The legitimizing role of perceived threat in discrimination against immigrants. Eurepan Journal of Social Psychology, 40 (7), 1231-1250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.718
  • Pettigrew, F. T. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49 (1), 65-85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
  • Renfro, C. L., Duran, A., Stephan, W. G., & Clason, D.L. (2006). The role of threat in attitudes toward affirmative action and its beneficiaries. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36 (1), 41-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00003.x
  • Riek, M. B., Mania, W. E., & Gaertnes, S. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 10(4), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
  • Samson, L. F. (2016). Perceived group competition and charitable giving: Racial prejudice affects as a mediating factor. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 45(5), 1031-1051. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764015619702
  • Scheve, K., & Slaughter, M. (2001). Labor market competition and individual preferences over immigration policy. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(1), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465301750160108
  • Shamoa-Nir, L., & Razpurker-Apfeld, I. (2020). Religious primes and threat-perceptions as predictors of attitudes toward Muslims in Israel. Integrative Psychogical and Behaviroal Science, 54 (2), 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-019-09509-z
  • Stephan, C. W., Stephan, W. G., Demitrakis, K. M., Yamada, A. M., & Clason, D. L. (2000). Women’s attitudes toward men: An integrated threat theory approach. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01022.x
  • Stephan, W. G., & Ybarra, O. (2002). The role of threats in the racial attitudes of blacks and whites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1242-1254. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672022812009
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Rios, K. (2015). Intergroup threat thoery. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of Prejudice (pp.255-278).
  • Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2017). Intergroup threat theory. In Y. Kim (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication. https://doi:10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı. (2020). Güvenli Liman Türkiye’nin Dünyaya çağrısı: Mülteciler için İşbirliği.
  • Van Leeuwen, E., & Tauber, S. (2009). The strategic side of out-group helping. In S. Stürmer and M. Snyder (Eds). The Psychology of Prosocial Behavior. Group Process, Intergroup Relations, and Helping (pp. 81-99). Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Wiepking, P., & Bekkers, R. (2012). Who gives? A literature review of predictors of charitable giving. Part two: Gender, family composition and income. Voluntary Sector Review, 3(2), 217-245. https://doi.org/10.1332/204080512X649379
  • Zarare, M. A., Garcia, B., Garza, A. A., & Hitlan, R. T. (2004). Cultural threat and perceived realistic group conflict as dual predictors of prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 40(1), 99-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00067-2

Threat Perceptions and Charitable Giving to Syrians: Findings from Turkey

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 204 - 228, 15.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1112850

Öz

Immigrant flows triggered by the civil war in Syria have rendered the Turkey-Syria forced migration system the most important component of the international refugee regime. While Syria has become the top immigrant sending country since 2015, Turkey is currently the country hosting the largest number of refugees. One of the major consequences of this development is that Turkey has become a social laboratory in terms of understanding the relations between different groups such as natives and migrants. In this context, the study examines the effects of threat perceptions from Syrian migrants on the natives’ charitable giving behavior towards the refugees. The results show that security and cultural threat perceptions from Syrians negatively affect both formal and informal giving. The analysis also detected the negative effects of security and cultural threat perceptions in the groups of both low-educated and high-educated natives.

Kaynakça

  • Aberson, L. C. (2019). Indirect effects of threat on the contact-prejudice relationship. Social Psychology, 50(2), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000364
  • Balkan, B., & Tumen, S. (2016). Immigration and prices: Quasi-experimental evidence from Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Populuation Economics, 29(3), 657–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-016-0583-2
  • Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011a). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924-973. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764010380927
  • Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011b). Who gives? A literature review of predictors of charitable giving. Part one: Religion, education, age and socialization. Voluntary Sector Review, 2(3), 337-365. https://doi.org/10.1332/204080511X6087712
  • Berg, J. A. (2013). Opposition to pro-immigration public policy. Symbolic racis and group threat. Sociological Inquiry, 83(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.2012.00437.x Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği. (2020). Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2019.
  • Bloom Ben-Nun, P., Arıkan G., & Lahav G. (2015). The effects of perceived cultural and material threats on ethnic preferences in immigration attitudes. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(10), 1760-1778. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1015581
  • Burhan, O., & Van Leeuwen, E. (2016). Altering percieved cultural and economic threats can increase immigrant helping. Journal of Social Issues, 72(3), 548-565. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12181
  • Butz, D. A., & Yogeeswaran, K. (2011). A new threat in the air: Macroeconomic threat increases prejudice against Asian American. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(1), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.07.014
  • Callens, M. S., Meulaman, B., & Marie, V. (2018). Contact, perceived threat, and attitudes toward assimilation and multiculturalism: Evidence from a majority and minority perspective in Luexemburg. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(2), 285-310. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118817656
  • Campbell, A., & D., Çarkoğlu, A. (2019). Informal giving in Turkey. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Non-Profit Organizations, 30(4), 738-753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-019-00095-7
  • Çarkoğlu, A., Campbell, D., & Aytaç, S. E. (2017). Determinants of formal giving in Turkey. Journal of Muslim Philanthropy and Civil Society, 1(1), 40-50.
  • Clifton, J., & Aberson, C. L. (2012). Measuring threat as it relates to social policy: Psychometric considerations. In B. O Hunter & T. J. Romero (Eds.). Psychology of Threat (pp. 111-140). Hauppauge NY: Nova.
  • Coenders, M., Lubbers, M., & Scheepers. (2008). Support for repatriation policies of migrants: Comparisons across and explanations for European countries. Journal of Comparative Sociology. 49 (2-3), 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715208088911
  • Costello, K., & Hodson, G. (2011). Social dominance-based threat reactions to immigrants in need of assistance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 220–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.769
  • Croucher, S. (2017). Integrated threat theory. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication.
  • Dunwoody, P. T., & McFarland, S. G. (2018). Support for anti-Muslim policies: The role of political traits and threat perception. Political Psychology, 39, 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12405
  • D’Hombres, B., & Nunziatan, L. (2016). Wish you were here? Quasi-experimental evidence on the effect of education on self-reported attitude toward immigrants. European Economic Review, 90, 201-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.02.007
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2018). Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler: Toplumsal Kabul ve Uyum. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Eren, Y. Esra. (2018). Mülteci Hukukunda Geçici Koruma. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Gree. T. G. E. (2009). Who can enter? A multilevel analysis on public support for immigration criteria across 20 European countries? Group Process and Intergroup Relations. 12(1), 41-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430208098776
  • Gonsalkorale, K., Carlisle, K., & Von Hippel, W. (2007). Intergroup threat increases implicit stereotyping. International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 7(2), 189–200.
  • Hacettepe Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü (HÜNEE). (2019). Türkiye 2018 Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması Suriyeli Göçmen Örneklemi.
  • Hanson, G. H., Scheve, K., & Slaughter, M. J. (2007). Public finance and individual preferences over globalization strategies. Economics and Politics, 19(1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00300.x
  • Hooijer, G. (2020). ‘They take our houses’: Benefit competition, and the erosion of support for immigrants’ social rights. British Journal of Political Science? (?), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000150
  • Jackson, M. L., & Esses, M. V. (2000). Effects of perceived competition on people’s willingness to help empower immigrants. Group Process and Intergroup Relations, 3(4), 419-435. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430200003004006
  • Jedinger, A., & Eisentraut, M. (2020). Exploring the differential effects of perceived threat on attitudes toward ethnic minority groups in Germany. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2895. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02895
  • Kanas, A., Scheepers, P., & Sterkens, C. (2015). Interreligious contact, perceived group threat, and perceived discrimination: Predicting negative attitudes among religious minorities and majorities in Indonesia. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(2), 102–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272514564790
  • Li, T., & Zhao, Y. (2012). Help less or more: Perceived intergroup threat and out-group helping. International Journal of Pschological Studies, 4(4), 90-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v4n4p90
  • McLaren, M. L. (2003). Anti-immigrant prejudice in Europe: Contact, threat perception, and preferences for the exclusion of migrants. Social Forces, 81(3), 909-936. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00272
  • Nadler, Q. (2002). Intergroup helping relations as power relations: Maintaining or challenging scial dominance between groups through helping. Journal of Social Issues, 58 (3), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00272
  • Nadler, A., Harpaz-Gorodeisky, G., & Ben-David, Y. (2009). Defensive helping: Threat to group identity, ingroup identification, status stability, and common group identity as determinants of intergroup help-giving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(5), 823–834. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015968
  • Nadler, Q. (2012). From help-giving to help-relations: Belongingness and independence in social interaction. In Deaux, K., & Syneder, M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psycology. https://doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398991.012.0016
  • Pereira, C., Vala, J., & Costa‐Lopes, R. (2010). From prejudice to discrimination: The legitimizing role of perceived threat in discrimination against immigrants. Eurepan Journal of Social Psychology, 40 (7), 1231-1250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.718
  • Pettigrew, F. T. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49 (1), 65-85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
  • Renfro, C. L., Duran, A., Stephan, W. G., & Clason, D.L. (2006). The role of threat in attitudes toward affirmative action and its beneficiaries. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36 (1), 41-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00003.x
  • Riek, M. B., Mania, W. E., & Gaertnes, S. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 10(4), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
  • Samson, L. F. (2016). Perceived group competition and charitable giving: Racial prejudice affects as a mediating factor. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 45(5), 1031-1051. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764015619702
  • Scheve, K., & Slaughter, M. (2001). Labor market competition and individual preferences over immigration policy. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(1), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465301750160108
  • Shamoa-Nir, L., & Razpurker-Apfeld, I. (2020). Religious primes and threat-perceptions as predictors of attitudes toward Muslims in Israel. Integrative Psychogical and Behaviroal Science, 54 (2), 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-019-09509-z
  • Stephan, C. W., Stephan, W. G., Demitrakis, K. M., Yamada, A. M., & Clason, D. L. (2000). Women’s attitudes toward men: An integrated threat theory approach. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01022.x
  • Stephan, W. G., & Ybarra, O. (2002). The role of threats in the racial attitudes of blacks and whites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1242-1254. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672022812009
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Rios, K. (2015). Intergroup threat thoery. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of Prejudice (pp.255-278).
  • Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2017). Intergroup threat theory. In Y. Kim (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication. https://doi:10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı. (2020). Güvenli Liman Türkiye’nin Dünyaya çağrısı: Mülteciler için İşbirliği.
  • Van Leeuwen, E., & Tauber, S. (2009). The strategic side of out-group helping. In S. Stürmer and M. Snyder (Eds). The Psychology of Prosocial Behavior. Group Process, Intergroup Relations, and Helping (pp. 81-99). Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Wiepking, P., & Bekkers, R. (2012). Who gives? A literature review of predictors of charitable giving. Part two: Gender, family composition and income. Voluntary Sector Review, 3(2), 217-245. https://doi.org/10.1332/204080512X649379
  • Zarare, M. A., Garcia, B., Garza, A. A., & Hitlan, R. T. (2004). Cultural threat and perceived realistic group conflict as dual predictors of prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 40(1), 99-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00067-2
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyal Hizmetler (Diğer)
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

Ali Berker 0000-0002-7587-7611

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Berker, A. (2023). TEHDİT ALGILARI VE SURİYELİ GÖÇMENLERE YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞI: TÜRKİYE’DEN BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(2), 204-228. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1112850
AMA Berker A. TEHDİT ALGILARI VE SURİYELİ GÖÇMENLERE YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞI: TÜRKİYE’DEN BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Haziran 2023;41(2):204-228. doi:10.17065/huniibf.1112850
Chicago Berker, Ali. “TEHDİT ALGILARI VE SURİYELİ GÖÇMENLERE YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞI: TÜRKİYE’DEN BULGULAR”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41, sy. 2 (Haziran 2023): 204-28. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1112850.
EndNote Berker A (01 Haziran 2023) TEHDİT ALGILARI VE SURİYELİ GÖÇMENLERE YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞI: TÜRKİYE’DEN BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41 2 204–228.
IEEE A. Berker, “TEHDİT ALGILARI VE SURİYELİ GÖÇMENLERE YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞI: TÜRKİYE’DEN BULGULAR”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 2, ss. 204–228, 2023, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.1112850.
ISNAD Berker, Ali. “TEHDİT ALGILARI VE SURİYELİ GÖÇMENLERE YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞI: TÜRKİYE’DEN BULGULAR”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41/2 (Haziran 2023), 204-228. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1112850.
JAMA Berker A. TEHDİT ALGILARI VE SURİYELİ GÖÇMENLERE YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞI: TÜRKİYE’DEN BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41:204–228.
MLA Berker, Ali. “TEHDİT ALGILARI VE SURİYELİ GÖÇMENLERE YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞI: TÜRKİYE’DEN BULGULAR”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 204-28, doi:10.17065/huniibf.1112850.
Vancouver Berker A. TEHDİT ALGILARI VE SURİYELİ GÖÇMENLERE YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞI: TÜRKİYE’DEN BULGULAR. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41(2):204-28.

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