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The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth and the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Panel Data Analysis on OECD Countries

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3, 470 - 496, 27.09.2023

İsmail Hakkı İşcan , Tuğba Demirel

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1183325

Öz

Energy is an important factor for sustainable economic growth and development, as well as the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality has been a topic that has been discussed for many years. According to the Kuznets Curve Hypothesis, although there is a positive directional relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution in the short term, there is a negative directional relationship in the long term. This situation makes it important for countries to turn to renewable energy sources both to ensure sustainable economic growth and to prevent environmental pollution. The main problem in this study is what effect increases in the use of renewable energy will have on economic growth in the long term. Panel data analysis has been performed for this problem in this study. In the analyses, data for the period 1995-2020 were used for 28 OECD countries. According to the results of the analysis, the 1% increase in renewable energy consumption leads to a 0.19% increase in GDP. This result also confirms the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. In addition, to the results obtained with the study, there is a bidirectional causality relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth.

Anahtar Kelimeler

OECD CO2 Emissions Renewable Energy Consumption Economic Growth EKC.

Kaynakça

  • Akdağ, S., & İskenderoğlu, Ö. (2018). Avrupa Birliğine üye ve aday ülkelerde yenilenemeyen enerji, yenilenebilir enerji ve nükleer enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi. Turkish Studies Economics, Finance and Politics, 13(30), 1-14, http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.14423
  • Apergis N., Payne J. E., Menyah K. & Wolde-Rufael Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255-2260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.014 Apergis N., & Payne J. E. (2010a). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.002
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  • Apergis N., & Payne J. E. (2011a). The renewable energy consumption-growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.013
  • Apergis N., & Payne J. E. (2011b). On the causal dynamics between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in developed and developing countries. Energy System, 2, 299-312, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12667-011-0037-6
  • Apergis N., & Payne J. E. (2011c). Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from emerging market economies. Applied Energy, 88(12), 5226-5230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.041
  • Apergis N. & Payne J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34(2), 733-738, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.04.007
  • Bai, J. & Ng, S. (2004). A panic attack on unit roots and cointegration. Econometrica, 72(4), 1127-1177, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00528.x
  • Bloch H., Rafiq S. & Salim R. (2015). Economic growth with coal, oil and renewable energy consumption in china: Prospects for fuel substitution. Economic Modelling, 44, 104- 115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.09.017
  • Bouyghrissi, S., Berjaoui, A. & Khanniba, M. (2021). The nexus between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Morocco. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 5693–5703, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10773-5
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  • Durğun B., & Durğun F. (2018), Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. International Review of Economics and Management, 6(1), 1-27, https://doi.org/10.18825/iremjournal.347200
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YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3, 470 - 496, 27.09.2023

İsmail Hakkı İşcan , Tuğba Demirel

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1183325

Öz

Sürdürülebilir bir ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma için enerji önemli bir unsur olduğu kadar ekonomik büyüme ile çevresel kalite arasındaki ilişki de yıllardır tartışılan bir konudur. Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezine göre kısa vadede ekonomik büyüme ve çevresel kirlilik arasında doğru yönlü ilişki olmasına karşın uzun vadede bu ilişki ters yönlü bir şekil almaktadır. Bu durum, hem sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümeyi sağlamak ve hem de çevre kirliliğini önlemek için ülkelerin yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönelmesini önemli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmadaki temel sorunsal, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımındaki artışların, uzun dönemde ekonomik büyüme üzerine ne gibi bir etkisinin olacağıdır. Bu sorunsal karşısında, çalışmada 2021 yılında toplam enerji tüketimi içerisindeki yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi payının, dünya ortalamasının üzerinde olan ülkelerden seçilmiş 28 OECD ülkesinin 1995-2020 dönemi yenilenebilir enerji tüketimleri ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin tespiti için panel veri analizi uygulanmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre yenilenebilir enerji tüketimindeki %1‘lik artış, GSYİH’yı %0.19 oranında artırmaktadır. Bu sonuç Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin ortaya koyduğu gelir değişimi ve çevre kalitesi arasındaki ilişkiyi de dolaylı olarak doğrulamaktadır. Ayrıca yine çalışma ile elde edilen sonuçlara göre yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişki söz konusudur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

OECD CO2 Emisyonları Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Ekonomik Büyüme EKC

Kaynakça

  • Akdağ, S., & İskenderoğlu, Ö. (2018). Avrupa Birliğine üye ve aday ülkelerde yenilenemeyen enerji, yenilenebilir enerji ve nükleer enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi. Turkish Studies Economics, Finance and Politics, 13(30), 1-14, http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.14423
  • Apergis N., Payne J. E., Menyah K. & Wolde-Rufael Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255-2260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.014 Apergis N., & Payne J. E. (2010a). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.002
  • Apergis N., & Payne J. E. (2010b). Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.06.001
  • Apergis N., & Payne J. E. (2011a). The renewable energy consumption-growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.013
  • Apergis N., & Payne J. E. (2011b). On the causal dynamics between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in developed and developing countries. Energy System, 2, 299-312, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12667-011-0037-6
  • Apergis N., & Payne J. E. (2011c). Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from emerging market economies. Applied Energy, 88(12), 5226-5230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.041
  • Apergis N. & Payne J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34(2), 733-738, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.04.007
  • Bai, J. & Ng, S. (2004). A panic attack on unit roots and cointegration. Econometrica, 72(4), 1127-1177, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00528.x
  • Bloch H., Rafiq S. & Salim R. (2015). Economic growth with coal, oil and renewable energy consumption in china: Prospects for fuel substitution. Economic Modelling, 44, 104- 115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.09.017
  • Bouyghrissi, S., Berjaoui, A. & Khanniba, M. (2021). The nexus between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Morocco. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 5693–5703, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10773-5
  • Breush, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253, https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • British Petroleum, (July, 2021). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. 2 Mart 2022 tarihinde http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Dinda, S., (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49, 431–455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011
  • Durğun B., & Durğun F. (2018), Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. International Review of Economics and Management, 6(1), 1-27, https://doi.org/10.18825/iremjournal.347200
  • Eberhart, M., & Bond, S. R. (2009). Cross-sectional dependence in non-stationary panel models: A novel estimator. MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany. 19 Aralık 2022 tarihinde https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17692/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Eberhart, M., & Teal F. (2010). Productivity analysis in the global manufacturing production. Department of Economics, University of Oxford. 19 Aralık 2022 tarihinde https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea831625-9014-40ec-abc5-516ecfbd2118/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=paper515.pdf&type_of_work=Working+paper adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Eyüpoğlu, K., Akdağ, S. & Özçelik, M. (2021). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde enerji verimliliği, yenilenebilir enerji ve ekonomik büyüme etkileşiminin test edilmesi. Tarsus Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 29-36. 29 Aralık 2022 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tauubf/issue/68464/1070035 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Gengenbach, C., Urbain, J. P. & Westerlund, J. (2016). Error correction testing in panels with common stochastic trends. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31(6), 982-1004, https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.2475
  • IEA, International Energy Agency (2021), World Energy Outlook, 12 Şubat 2023 tarihinde ea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/4ed140c1-c3f3-4fd9-acae-789a4e14a23c/WorldEnergyOutlook2021.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data. Econometrics Journal, 3, 148-161, https://doi.org/10.1111/1368-423X.00043
  • Im, K.S., Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
  • IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency, (2020), Global Landscape Of Renewable Energy Finance 2020, 12 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Nov/IRENA_CPI_Global_finance_2020.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency, (2022), Renewable Energy Statistics 2022, Abu Dhabi, 10 Eylül 2022 tarihinde https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Jul/IRENA_Renewable_energy_statistics_2022.pdf?rev=8e3c22a36f964fa2ad8a50e0b4437870 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Ivanovski, K., Hailemariam, A. & Smyth, R. (2021), The Effect of Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: Non-parametric Evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286, 124956. 12 Şubat 2022 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345212858_The_effect_of_renewable_and_non-renewable_energy_consumption_on_economic_growth_Non-arametric_evidence adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2
  • Kasperowicz, R., Bilani Y. & Streimikiene D. (2020). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in European Countries. Sustainable Development, 28(5), 1086-1093, https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2060
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45, 1–28, 28 Şubat 2022 tarihinde https://assets.aeaweb.org/asset-server/files/9438.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. & Chu, C. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymtotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  • Marques, A. C., & Fuinhas, J. A. (2012). Is renewable energy effective in promoting growth?. Energy Policy, 46, 434-442, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.006
  • Matei, I. (2017). Is there a Link between renewable energy consumption and economic growth? A dynamic panel investigation for the OECD Countries. Revue d'économie politique, Dalloz, 127(6), 985-1012. 19 Aralık 2022 tarihinde https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-politique-2017-6-page-985.htm?try_download=1 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Moon, H.R., & Perron, B. (2004). Testing for a unit root in panels with dynamic factors. Journal of Econometrics, 122(1), 81-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2003.10.020
  • Öcal, O., & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494- 499, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.036
  • Özşahin, Ş., Mucuk, M. & Gerçeker, M. (2016). Yenilenebilir enerji ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: BRICS-T ülkeleri üzerine panel ARLD analizi. Siyaset Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(4), 111-130. 20 Aralık 2022 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/seyad/issue/53375/709628 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Özpolat, A., & Nakıpoğlu Özsoy F. (2021). Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları çevresel bozulmayı azaltıyor mu? Türkiye Örneği. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 13(24), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.794600
  • Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: Asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20, 597–625. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266466604203073
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. P. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01644-F
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. P. (1997). Pooled estimation of long-run relationships in dynamic heterogeneous panels. University of Cambridge, Department of Applied Economics. 23 Aralık 2022 tarihinde 10.4236/jbbs.2012.21013 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Paper, No. 1229. 23 Aralık 2022 tarihinde https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_1229.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312, https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  • Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x
  • Phillips, P. C. B. & Sul, D. (2003). Dynamic panel estimation and homogeneity testing under cross section dependence. The Econometrics Journal, 6(1), 217-259, https://doi.org/10.1111/1368-423X.00108 Plassman, F. & Khanna, N. (2003). Assessing the Precision of Turning Point Estimates in Polynomial Regression Functions, Economic Reviews, 21 Kasım 2022 tarihinde (17) (PDF) Assessing the Precision of Turning Point Estimates in Polynomial Regression Functions (researchgate.net) adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • REN21, (2022), Renewables 2022 Global Status Report, Paris, 10 Ekim 2022 tarihinde https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2022/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Salim, R. A., Hassan, K. & Shafiei, S. (2014). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic activities: Further evidence from OECD Countries. Energy Economics, 44, 350-360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.05.001
  • Sarkodie, S. A. & Strezov. V., (2018). Empirical study of the Environmental Kuznets Curve and Environmental Sustainability Curve Hypothesis for Australia, China, Ghana and USA. Journal of Cleaner Production, 201, 98-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.039
  • Sebri, M., & Salha, O. B. (2014). On the Causal Dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: Freshevidence from BRICS Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39 (C), 14-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.033
  • Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H. & Shabbir, M.S., (2012), Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16 (5), 2947-2953, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.015
  • Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N. Zeshan, M. & Zaman, K. (2015). Does renewable energy consumption add in economic growth? An application of AutoRegressive Distributed Lag Model in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, 576-585, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.017
  • Sıddıquı R. (2004). Energy and economic growth in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 43(2), 175–200, http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i2pp.175-200
  • Stern D.I. (1993). Energy and economic growth in the USA., Energy Economics, 15, 137-150, https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(93)90033-N
  • Tugcu, C. T., Ozturk I. & Aslan A. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries. Energy Economics, 34, 1942-1950, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.021
  • Vlahinic N. & Jakovac P. (2014). Revisiting the energy consumption-growth nexus for Croatia: New evidence from a multivariate framework analysis. Contemporary Economics, 8(4), 435-452, http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.155
  • Yapraklı, S. & Sağlam, T. (2010). Information and communications technology and economic growth in Turkey: An econometric analysis (1980-2008). Ege Academic Review, 10(2), 575-596. 23 Aralık 2022 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eab/issue/39877/473215 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • World Bank, (2022). World Bank Indicator, 10 Şubat 2022 tarihinde https://data.worldbank.org/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • World Energy Outlook, (2021). International Energy Agency, 8 Şubat 2022 tarihinde https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/4ed140c1-c3f3-4fd9-acae-789a4e14a23c/WorldEnergyOutlook2021.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709-748, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x
  • Westerlund, J., & Edgerton D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.003
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Büyüme
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

İsmail Hakkı İşcan 0000-0003-2786-4928

Tuğba Demirel 0000-0003-2168-6497

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA İşcan, İ. H., & Demirel, T. (2023). YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(3), 470-496. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1183325
AMA İşcan İH, Demirel T. YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Eylül 2023;41(3):470-496. doi:10.17065/huniibf.1183325
Chicago İşcan, İsmail Hakkı, ve Tuğba Demirel. “YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41, sy. 3 (Eylül 2023): 470-96. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1183325.
EndNote İşcan İH, Demirel T (01 Eylül 2023) YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41 3 470–496.
IEEE İ. H. İşcan ve T. Demirel, “YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 3, ss. 470–496, 2023, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.1183325.
ISNAD İşcan, İsmail Hakkı - Demirel, Tuğba. “YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 41/3 (Eylül 2023), 470-496. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1183325.
JAMA İşcan İH, Demirel T. YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41:470–496.
MLA İşcan, İsmail Hakkı ve Tuğba Demirel. “YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 470-96, doi:10.17065/huniibf.1183325.
Vancouver İşcan İH, Demirel T. YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ VE ÇEVRESEL KUZNETS EĞRİSİ HİPOTEZİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;41(3):470-96.

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