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Control Problems and Modern Slavement Practices in Global Production and Supply Chains

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 174 - 211, 31.08.2021

Öz

Global production and supply chains are an indicator of the international power of capital, which knows no borders with globalization. Global production and supply chains have become the main mode of production under the influence of neo-liberal policies along with technological developments. The most important goal for global capital is to reduce costs as much as possible and to reach maximum profit by increasing the product supply. The wages of employees are seen as the main item where costs can be reduced for capital. This means planning systematic applications on employees. On the one hand, capital acts with the aim of the best working performance and the cheapest cost, on the other hand, the material and moral losses of the employees become a great paradox. In this study, in order to see the problems experienced in the inspections in global production and supply chains and the dimensions of modern slavery that continues due to these inspection deficiencies, the literature review method and the publications related to the subject were examined. As a result of the research, it has been found that there are control problems in global production and supply chains and findings about modern slavery.

Kaynakça

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  • Davidson. J. O’C. (2013). “Troubling Freedom: Migration, Debt, and Modern Slavery”, Migration Studies. 1(2). 176-195.
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KÜRESEL ÜRETİM VE TEDARİK ZİNCİRLERİNDE DENETİM SORUNLARI VE MODERN KÖLELİK UYGULAMALARI

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 174 - 211, 31.08.2021

Öz

Küresel üretim ve tedarik zincirleri, sermayenin, küreselleşmeyle birlikte sınır tanımayan uluslararası gücünün göstergesidir. Teknolojik gelişmeler ile beraber neo-liberal politikaların etkisiyle, küresel üretim ve tedarik zincirleri ana üretim şekli haline geldiler. Küresel sermaye için en önemli amaç maliyetleri olabildiğince düşürmek ve ürün arzını artırarak maksimum kâra ulaşmaktır. Sermaye için maliyetlerin düşürülebileceği ana kalem olarak çalışanların ücretleri görülmektedir. Bu da çalışanlar üzerine sistematik uygulamaların planlanması anlamına gelmektedir. Bir taraftan sermaye en iyi çalışma performans ve en ucuz maliyet gayesi ile hareket ederken, diğer taraftan çalışanların maddi ve manevi anlamda kayıplar yaşamaları büyük bir paradoks haline gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada küresel üretim ve tedarik zincirlerindeki denetimlerde yaşanan sorunları ve bu denetim eksikliklerine bağlı olarak varlığını sürdüren modern köleliğin boyutlarını görebilmek amacıyla, literatür taraması yöntemi ile konu ile ilgili yayınlar incelenmiştir. Araştırma neticesinde, küresel üretim ve tedarik zincirlerinde denetim sorunlarının yaşandığına ve modern köleliğe dair bulgulara rastlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Amnesty International (2005). The Treatment of Foreign Nationals Detained İn Temporary Stay And Assistance Centres. Statements and Reports. https://www.amnesty.eu/news/versione-italiana-ugualmente-disponibile/ E.T. 05.08.2021.
  • Anderson, B. & Davidson J. O’C. (2003). Is Trafficking in Human Beings Demand Driven? A Multi-Country Pilot Study. IOM Migration Research Series. 15. International Organization for Migration. Geneva: IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mrs_15_2003.pdf.
  • Anderson, B. (2007). Battles in Time: The Relationship Between Global and Labour Mobilities. Centre on Migration, Policy and Society. Working Paper no. 55. University of Oxford. https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/WP-2007-055-Anderson_Global_Labour_Mobilities.pdf
  • Ansal, H. (1996). Esnek Üretimde İşçiler ve Sendikalar (Post-Fordizm’de Üretim Esnekleşirken İşçiye Neler Oluyor?. Birleşik Metal İş Sendikası Yayınları. http://birlesikmetal.org/kitap/kitap_99/1999-3.pdf.
  • Bales, K. (2000). Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pp4n3
  • Bales, K. (2002). Kullanılıp Atılanlar, Küresel Ekonomide Yeni Kölelik. Çev. Pınar Övünç. Çitlembik Yayınları. İstanbul.
  • Baykasoğlu, A., Dereli T. (2001). “Çevik (Tepkisel) Üretim”. Otomasyon Dergisi. Aralık Sayısı. 132-136.
  • Berggren, C. (1993). “Lean Production- The End of History?”. Work, Employment & Society. 7(2). 163-188. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23747418
  • Brace, L. (2004). “Slaveries and Property: Freedom and Belonging”. In: The Politics of Property: Labour, Freedom and Belonging. 160-184. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrqd1.12
  • Calavita, K. (2004). “Work, Immigrant Marginality, and Integration in New Countries of Immigration”. In: G. Gonzalez, R. Fernandez, V. Price, D. Smith and L. V. (eds). Labour Versus Empire. New York: Routledge. 133–42. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9780203327180-9/work-immigrant-marginality-integration-new-countries-immigration-d%C3%A9j%C3%A0-vu-kitty-calavita.
  • Clifford, S., Greenhouse S. (2013). “Fast and Flawed Inspections of Factories Abroad”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/02/business/global/superficial-visits-and-trickery-undermine-foreign-factory-inspections.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. E.T:13.04.2021.
  • Correa, H. (2001). “Agile Manufacturing as the 21st Century Strategy for Improving Manufacturing Performance”. In: Agile Manufacturing: The 21st century Competitive Strategy. Oxford: Elseiver Science Ltd.
  • Craig, G., Gaus A., Wilkinson M., Skrivankova K. & Aidan McQuade (2007). “Modern slavery in the United Kingdom”. Reports. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/modern-slavery-united-kingdom. E.T. 05.08.2021.
  • Crane. A. (2013). “Modern Slavery As a Management Practice: Exploring The Conditions and Capabilities For Human Exploitation”. Academy of Management Review, 38(1). 49-69. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23416302
  • Craven, P. & D. Hay (1994). “The Criminalization of Free Labour: Master and Servant in Comparative Perspective”, in: P. Lovejoy and N. Rogers (eds.). Unfree Labour İn The Development Of The Atlantic World. London: Routledge. 71–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/01440399408575127
  • Cunningham, S. & Tomlinson, J. (2005). “Starve Them Out: Does Every Child Really Matter? A Commentary On Section 9 Of The Asylum And Immigration (Treatment Of Claimants, Etc.) Act, 2004”. Critical Social Policy. 25(2). 253-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018305051330
  • Davıdson. J. O’C. (2010). “New Slavery, Old Binaries: Human Trafficking And The Borders Of Freedom”. Global Networks.10(2). 244-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00284.x
  • Davidson. J. O’C. (2013). “Troubling Freedom: Migration, Debt, and Modern Slavery”, Migration Studies. 1(2). 176-195.
  • Deutschmann, C., & Weber, C. (1987). “Das Japanische Arbeitsbienen-Syndrom: Auswirkungen der Rundum-Nutzung der Arbeitskraft auf die Arbeitszeitpraxis am Beispiel Japans”. PROKLA. Zeitschrift für Kritische Sozialwissenschaft. 17(66). 31–53. https://doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v17i66.1347
  • Dicle, Ü. (1995). "Kalite Çevrimleri: Sorun Çözmede Grup Yaklaşımı". Kalite Kontrol Grupları Semineri. MPM Yayınları. No: 320. Ankara.
  • Flecker, J. (2009). “Outsourcing, Spatial Relocation and the Fragmentation of Employment”. Competition and Change.13(3). 251-266. https://doi.org/10.1179/102452909X451369.
  • Garside, J. (2013). “Child Labour Uncovered İn Apple's Supply Chain”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jan/25/apple-child-labour-supply. E.T:15.04.2021. Gee, J. P., Hull G. & Lankshear C. (2018). The New Work Order: Behind the Language of the New Capitalism. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429496127. Gereffi, G. & Korzeniewicz M. (1994). Commodıty Chaıns And Global Capıtalısm. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Global March, (2011). Child Labour Growing in Apple Supply Chain. Worldwide News. https://globalmarch.org/child-labour-growing-in-apple-supply-chain/. E.T: 15.04.2021.
  • Gold, S., Trautrims, A. & Trodd, Z. (2015). Modern slavery challenges to supply chain management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 20(5). 485–494. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-02-2015-0046.
  • Gunasekaran, A. (2001). “Agile Manufacturing: The 21st Century Competitive Strategy”. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.
  • Güler, M. A. (2015). “Modern Kölelik ve Modern Köleliğin Görünümleri”. İş ve Hayat. 1(2). 23-46. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/isvehayat/issue/29032/310457.
  • Hardoon, D. (2017). An Economy for the 99%: It’s time to build a human economy that benefits everyone, not just the privileged few. Oxfan Briefing Paper. https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/economy-99
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  • Kroll, A. (2021). “Are Walmart’s Chinese Factories as Bad as Apple’s?” Mother Jones. Environment. https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/03/walmart-china-sustainability-shadow-factories-greenwash/. E.T:16.04.2021.
  • Le Baron, G. & Lister, J. (2015). “Benchmarking global supply chains: the power of the ‘ethical audit’ regime”. Review of International Studies. 41(5). 905-924. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210515000388.
  • Le Baron, G., Lister, J. & Dauvergne, P. (2017). “Governing Global Supply Chain Sustainability Through the Ethical Audit Regime”. Globalizations. 14(6). 958-975, https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2017.1304008.
  • Locke, R. & Romis, M. (2007). “Improving Work Conditions in a Global Supply Chain”. Mıt Sloan Management Revıew. 48(2). 54-62.
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Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Turgut Çılğın 0000-0003-1629-9759

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çılğın, T. (2021). KÜRESEL ÜRETİM VE TEDARİK ZİNCİRLERİNDE DENETİM SORUNLARI VE MODERN KÖLELİK UYGULAMALARI. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 174-211.