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An Evaluation of Silage Widely Use in Animal Feeding in Terms of Legislation in Turkey and European Union

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 114 - 119, 12.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31196/huvfd.949433

Öz

Silage is a source of roughage obtained by anaerobic fermentation of fresh green feeds, certain vegetable products, and agricultural and industrial waste. Silage is widely used to feed animals and is importance for animals, humans, and the environment. This study, it was aimed to examine the production, use, and importance of silage, which is widely used in animal nutrition, in terms of legislation. Therefore, the study analyzed national and European Union legislation on the subject. For this purpose, content analysis was carried out on the relevant Turkey and European Union legislation. The scans determined that seven national and four European Union regulations could be related to issues animal feeding and silage. Therefore, it can be said that the issues related to silage management, including the precautions from production to consumption, should be defined in a way that minimizes the detrimental effects on animal, human and environmental health. Accordingly, specific regulations should be made on silage.

Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

  • Basmacıoğlu H, Ergül M, 2002: Silage microbiology. J. Anim. Prod, 43, 12-24.
  • Boyacı S, Akyüz A, Kükürtcü M, 2011: Büyükbaş hayvan barınaklarında gübrenin yarattığı çevre kirliliği ve çözüm olanakları. Tabad, 4 (1), 49-55.
  • Çakmak B, Yalçın H, Bilgen H, 2013: Hasıl ve fermente mısır silajlarının ham besin maddesi içeriği ve kalitesine paketleme basıncı ve depolama süresinin etkileri. Tar. Bil. Der, 19, 22-32.
  • Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 1997: Control of pollution (silage, slurry and agricultural fuel oil) regulations. Resource Document. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs. Accessed; 20.10.2019.
  • Dell’Orto V, Baldi G, Cheli F, 2015: Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control. World Myctoxin Journal, 8, 603-617.
  • Dişbudak K, 2008: Agriculture and environment interaction in Eu and Turkey’s harmonization. EU Expertise thesis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Department of External Affairs and EU Coordination, Ankara.
  • Driehuis F, Wilkinson JM, Jiang Y, Ogunade I, Adesogan AT, 2018: Silage review: Animal and human health risks from silage. J. Dairy Sci, 101, 4093-4110.
  • Eleroğlu H, Yıldız S, Yıldırım A, 2013: The applied methods for removal of poultry feces that creates environmental problem. GBAD, 2, 14-24.
  • European Commission, 2003: Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition. Official Journal of the European Union, L268/29, 18.10.2003.
  • European Commission, 2009: Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 of 27 January 2009 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feed. Official Journal of the European Union. L 54/1, 26.2.2009.
  • European Commission, 2010: Commission Directive 2010/6/EU. amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards mercury, free gossypol, nitrites and Mowrah, Bassia, Madhuca. Official Journal of the European Union, L37/29, 10.02.2010.
  • European Commission, 2016: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/2023. concerning the authorisation of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, formic acid and sodium formate as feed additives for all animal species. Official Journal of the European Union. L313/14, 19.11.2016.
  • European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2012: Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of sodium benzoate as a silage additive for pigs, poultry, bovines, ovines, goats, rabbits and horses. EFSA Journal, 10 (7), 2779.
  • European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2013: Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of potassium sorbate as a silage additive for all animals except dogs and cats. EFSA Journal, 11 (7), 3283.
  • European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2014: Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of formic acid when used as a technological additive for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 12 (10), 3827.
  • European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2015: Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of ammonium formate, calcium formate and sodium formate when used as a technological additive for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 13 (5), 4056.
  • Görgülü M, 2002: Feeding cattle and small cattle. Çukurova University Faculty 206 of Agriculture Offset Workshop, Adana, Türkiye.
  • Karakaya Y, Atasever M, 2010: Aflatoxin B1 in corn silage and its probability passing in milk. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16 (Suppl-A), 123-127.
  • Koçtürk ON, 1975: Ecology and veterinary medicine. Turkish Veterinary Medical Association Central Council Publications, No:13, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry (MAF), 2019: Analysis list. T.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Central Research Institute of Food and Feed Control. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/bursagida/Belgeler/NKB/2020%20%20F%C4%B0YAT%20L%C4%B0STES%C4%B0%20V5.pdf. Accessed; 10.03.2020.
  • Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry (MAF), 2020: Laboratory analysis fees. T.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry International Center for Livestock Research and Training. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/lalahanhmae/Menu/27/Laboratuvar-Analiz-Ucretleri. Accessed; 10.03.2020.
  • Official Gazette, 2010: Law No: 5996 on Veterinary services, plant health, food and feed. Official Gazette dated 11.06.2010 and numbered 27610.
  • Official Gazette, 2011a: Regulation regarding official control of food and feed. Official Gazette dated 17.12.2011 and numbered 28145.
  • Official Gazette, 2011b: Regulation on feed hygiene. Official Gazette dated 27.12.2011b and numbered 28155.
  • Official Gazette, 2013: Regulation regarding the use of feed additives substances in animal nutrition. Official Gazette dated 18.07.2013 and numbered 28711.
  • Official Gazette, 2014: Communiqué on undesirable substances in feeds. Official Gazette dated 19.04.2014 and numbered 28977.
  • Official Gazette, 2015: Waste management regulation. Official Gazette dated 02.04.2015 and numbered 29314.
  • Official Gazette, 2017: (Repeating). Implementing regulation on sampling and analysis methods for official control of feeds. Official Gazette dated 21.01.2017 and numbered 29955.
  • Ogunade IM, Martinez-Tuppia C, Queiroz OCM, Jiang Y, Drouin P, Wu F, Vyas, D, Adesogan AT, 2018: Silage review: Mycotoxins in silage: Occurrence, effects, prevention, and mitigation. Journal of dairy science, 101 (5), 4034-4059.
  • Özhan M, 2010: SILAGE (Silo Feed) preparation, use and value. Atatürk Univ. J. of Agricultural Faculty, 6, 51-61.
  • Pahlow G, Muck RE, Driehuis F, Oude Elfrink SJWH, Spoelstra SF, 2003: Microbiology of ensiling. In: L. AI-Amoodi (Ed.), 31-93. Silage science and technology. Wisconsin, USA.
  • Panasiuk L, Jedziniak P, Pietruszka K, Piatkowska P, Bocian L, 2018: Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland. Mycotoxin Res, 35, 17-25.
  • Peterson W, Burris RH, Sant R, Little HN, 1958: Toxic gases in silage, production of toxic gas (nitrogen oxides) in silage making. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 6, 121-126.
  • Peypazar ZB, Kılıç İ, 2021: Evaluation of waste management systems in dairy cattle farms in terms of environmental pollution: Kütahya case study. Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 26 (1), 15-28.
  • Şahin İF, Zaman M, 2010: An Important Cattle Feed: Silage. Eastern Geographical Review, 15, 1-18.
  • Şahindokuyucu F, Mor F, Oğuz MN, Karakaş Oğuz F, 2010: Investigation of mycotoxins occurrence and levels in silages samples collected in Burdur province. Uludag Univ. J. Fac. Vet. Med., 29, 49-54.
  • Tırınk S, 2021: Environmental effects and diffuse pollution load calculation of animal wastes in Iğdır province and districts. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 4 (2), 43-50.
  • Uygur MA, 2005: What is Silage?, Its History, Importance, Benefits and Silage Making Stages. T.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Agricultural Research, Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Farmer Brochure, İzmir, Turkey.
  • Ünder H, 1996: Çevre felsefesi: etik ve metafizik görüşler. Doruk Yayımcılık, Ankara.
  • Welsh Assembly Government (WAG), 2010: The water resources (control of pollution) (silage, slurry and agriculture fuel oil) (wales) regulations. Welsh Assembly Government dated 18 June 2010 and numbred 1493 (W.136).
  • Wilkinson JM, 1999: Silage and animal health. Natural Toxins, 7, 221-232.
  • Yaylak E, Alçiçek A, 2003: A cheap forage source for the fattening of beef cattle: corn silage. Hayvansal Üretim, 44 (2), 29-36.
  • Yıldırım A, Şimşek H, 2013: Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Genişletilmiş 9. Baskı. Seçkin/Sosyal Bilimler, Ankara.
  • Yitbarek MB, Tamir B, 2014: Silage additives. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 4, 258-274.

Hayvan Beslemede Yaygın Olarak Kullanılan Silaj Yeminin Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Mevzuat Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 114 - 119, 12.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31196/huvfd.949433

Öz

Silaj; taze yeşil yemler, diğer bazı bitkisel ürünler ile tarımsal ve endüstriyel artıkların oksijensiz ortamlarda fermantasyonu ile elde edilen kaba yem kaynağıdır. Silaj, hayvan beslemede yaygın olarak kullanılmakta, hayvan, insan ve çevre açısından önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada hayvan beslemede yaygın olarak kullanılan silajın üretimi, kullanımı ve öneminin mevzuat açısından incelenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla konuyla ilgili Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği mevzuatına içerik analizi yapıldı. Yapılan taramalarda hayvan besleme ve silaj konusu ile ilgili olabilecek yedi ulusal ve dört Avrupa Birliği düzenlemesi olduğu belirlendi. Üretimden tüketime kadar olan önlemler de dahil olmak üzere silaj yönetimi ile ilgili hususların hayvan, insan ve çevre sağlığı üzerindeki zararlı etkilerini en aza indirecek şekilde tanımlanması ve bu doğrultuda silaj konusunda spesifik düzenlemeler yapılması gerektiği söylenebilir.

Proje Numarası

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Kaynakça

  • Basmacıoğlu H, Ergül M, 2002: Silage microbiology. J. Anim. Prod, 43, 12-24.
  • Boyacı S, Akyüz A, Kükürtcü M, 2011: Büyükbaş hayvan barınaklarında gübrenin yarattığı çevre kirliliği ve çözüm olanakları. Tabad, 4 (1), 49-55.
  • Çakmak B, Yalçın H, Bilgen H, 2013: Hasıl ve fermente mısır silajlarının ham besin maddesi içeriği ve kalitesine paketleme basıncı ve depolama süresinin etkileri. Tar. Bil. Der, 19, 22-32.
  • Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 1997: Control of pollution (silage, slurry and agricultural fuel oil) regulations. Resource Document. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs. Accessed; 20.10.2019.
  • Dell’Orto V, Baldi G, Cheli F, 2015: Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control. World Myctoxin Journal, 8, 603-617.
  • Dişbudak K, 2008: Agriculture and environment interaction in Eu and Turkey’s harmonization. EU Expertise thesis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Department of External Affairs and EU Coordination, Ankara.
  • Driehuis F, Wilkinson JM, Jiang Y, Ogunade I, Adesogan AT, 2018: Silage review: Animal and human health risks from silage. J. Dairy Sci, 101, 4093-4110.
  • Eleroğlu H, Yıldız S, Yıldırım A, 2013: The applied methods for removal of poultry feces that creates environmental problem. GBAD, 2, 14-24.
  • European Commission, 2003: Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition. Official Journal of the European Union, L268/29, 18.10.2003.
  • European Commission, 2009: Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 of 27 January 2009 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feed. Official Journal of the European Union. L 54/1, 26.2.2009.
  • European Commission, 2010: Commission Directive 2010/6/EU. amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards mercury, free gossypol, nitrites and Mowrah, Bassia, Madhuca. Official Journal of the European Union, L37/29, 10.02.2010.
  • European Commission, 2016: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/2023. concerning the authorisation of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, formic acid and sodium formate as feed additives for all animal species. Official Journal of the European Union. L313/14, 19.11.2016.
  • European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2012: Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of sodium benzoate as a silage additive for pigs, poultry, bovines, ovines, goats, rabbits and horses. EFSA Journal, 10 (7), 2779.
  • European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2013: Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of potassium sorbate as a silage additive for all animals except dogs and cats. EFSA Journal, 11 (7), 3283.
  • European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2014: Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of formic acid when used as a technological additive for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 12 (10), 3827.
  • European Food Safe Authority (EFSA), 2015: Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of ammonium formate, calcium formate and sodium formate when used as a technological additive for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 13 (5), 4056.
  • Görgülü M, 2002: Feeding cattle and small cattle. Çukurova University Faculty 206 of Agriculture Offset Workshop, Adana, Türkiye.
  • Karakaya Y, Atasever M, 2010: Aflatoxin B1 in corn silage and its probability passing in milk. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16 (Suppl-A), 123-127.
  • Koçtürk ON, 1975: Ecology and veterinary medicine. Turkish Veterinary Medical Association Central Council Publications, No:13, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry (MAF), 2019: Analysis list. T.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Central Research Institute of Food and Feed Control. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/bursagida/Belgeler/NKB/2020%20%20F%C4%B0YAT%20L%C4%B0STES%C4%B0%20V5.pdf. Accessed; 10.03.2020.
  • Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry (MAF), 2020: Laboratory analysis fees. T.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry International Center for Livestock Research and Training. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/lalahanhmae/Menu/27/Laboratuvar-Analiz-Ucretleri. Accessed; 10.03.2020.
  • Official Gazette, 2010: Law No: 5996 on Veterinary services, plant health, food and feed. Official Gazette dated 11.06.2010 and numbered 27610.
  • Official Gazette, 2011a: Regulation regarding official control of food and feed. Official Gazette dated 17.12.2011 and numbered 28145.
  • Official Gazette, 2011b: Regulation on feed hygiene. Official Gazette dated 27.12.2011b and numbered 28155.
  • Official Gazette, 2013: Regulation regarding the use of feed additives substances in animal nutrition. Official Gazette dated 18.07.2013 and numbered 28711.
  • Official Gazette, 2014: Communiqué on undesirable substances in feeds. Official Gazette dated 19.04.2014 and numbered 28977.
  • Official Gazette, 2015: Waste management regulation. Official Gazette dated 02.04.2015 and numbered 29314.
  • Official Gazette, 2017: (Repeating). Implementing regulation on sampling and analysis methods for official control of feeds. Official Gazette dated 21.01.2017 and numbered 29955.
  • Ogunade IM, Martinez-Tuppia C, Queiroz OCM, Jiang Y, Drouin P, Wu F, Vyas, D, Adesogan AT, 2018: Silage review: Mycotoxins in silage: Occurrence, effects, prevention, and mitigation. Journal of dairy science, 101 (5), 4034-4059.
  • Özhan M, 2010: SILAGE (Silo Feed) preparation, use and value. Atatürk Univ. J. of Agricultural Faculty, 6, 51-61.
  • Pahlow G, Muck RE, Driehuis F, Oude Elfrink SJWH, Spoelstra SF, 2003: Microbiology of ensiling. In: L. AI-Amoodi (Ed.), 31-93. Silage science and technology. Wisconsin, USA.
  • Panasiuk L, Jedziniak P, Pietruszka K, Piatkowska P, Bocian L, 2018: Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland. Mycotoxin Res, 35, 17-25.
  • Peterson W, Burris RH, Sant R, Little HN, 1958: Toxic gases in silage, production of toxic gas (nitrogen oxides) in silage making. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 6, 121-126.
  • Peypazar ZB, Kılıç İ, 2021: Evaluation of waste management systems in dairy cattle farms in terms of environmental pollution: Kütahya case study. Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 26 (1), 15-28.
  • Şahin İF, Zaman M, 2010: An Important Cattle Feed: Silage. Eastern Geographical Review, 15, 1-18.
  • Şahindokuyucu F, Mor F, Oğuz MN, Karakaş Oğuz F, 2010: Investigation of mycotoxins occurrence and levels in silages samples collected in Burdur province. Uludag Univ. J. Fac. Vet. Med., 29, 49-54.
  • Tırınk S, 2021: Environmental effects and diffuse pollution load calculation of animal wastes in Iğdır province and districts. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 4 (2), 43-50.
  • Uygur MA, 2005: What is Silage?, Its History, Importance, Benefits and Silage Making Stages. T.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Agricultural Research, Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Farmer Brochure, İzmir, Turkey.
  • Ünder H, 1996: Çevre felsefesi: etik ve metafizik görüşler. Doruk Yayımcılık, Ankara.
  • Welsh Assembly Government (WAG), 2010: The water resources (control of pollution) (silage, slurry and agriculture fuel oil) (wales) regulations. Welsh Assembly Government dated 18 June 2010 and numbred 1493 (W.136).
  • Wilkinson JM, 1999: Silage and animal health. Natural Toxins, 7, 221-232.
  • Yaylak E, Alçiçek A, 2003: A cheap forage source for the fattening of beef cattle: corn silage. Hayvansal Üretim, 44 (2), 29-36.
  • Yıldırım A, Şimşek H, 2013: Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Genişletilmiş 9. Baskı. Seçkin/Sosyal Bilimler, Ankara.
  • Yitbarek MB, Tamir B, 2014: Silage additives. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 4, 258-274.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Araştıma
Yazarlar

Gökhan Aslım 0000-0001-5976-8186

Emine Merve Danış 0000-0003-0296-4391

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Haziran 2021
Kabul Tarihi 9 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Aslım, G., & Danış, E. M. (2021). An Evaluation of Silage Widely Use in Animal Feeding in Terms of Legislation in Turkey and European Union. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.31196/huvfd.949433
AMA Aslım G, Danış EM. An Evaluation of Silage Widely Use in Animal Feeding in Terms of Legislation in Turkey and European Union. Harran Univ Vet Fak Derg. Aralık 2021;10(2):114-119. doi:10.31196/huvfd.949433
Chicago Aslım, Gökhan, ve Emine Merve Danış. “An Evaluation of Silage Widely Use in Animal Feeding in Terms of Legislation in Turkey and European Union”. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 10, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 114-19. https://doi.org/10.31196/huvfd.949433.
EndNote Aslım G, Danış EM (01 Aralık 2021) An Evaluation of Silage Widely Use in Animal Feeding in Terms of Legislation in Turkey and European Union. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 10 2 114–119.
IEEE G. Aslım ve E. M. Danış, “An Evaluation of Silage Widely Use in Animal Feeding in Terms of Legislation in Turkey and European Union”, Harran Univ Vet Fak Derg, c. 10, sy. 2, ss. 114–119, 2021, doi: 10.31196/huvfd.949433.
ISNAD Aslım, Gökhan - Danış, Emine Merve. “An Evaluation of Silage Widely Use in Animal Feeding in Terms of Legislation in Turkey and European Union”. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 10/2 (Aralık 2021), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.31196/huvfd.949433.
JAMA Aslım G, Danış EM. An Evaluation of Silage Widely Use in Animal Feeding in Terms of Legislation in Turkey and European Union. Harran Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2021;10:114–119.
MLA Aslım, Gökhan ve Emine Merve Danış. “An Evaluation of Silage Widely Use in Animal Feeding in Terms of Legislation in Turkey and European Union”. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 114-9, doi:10.31196/huvfd.949433.
Vancouver Aslım G, Danış EM. An Evaluation of Silage Widely Use in Animal Feeding in Terms of Legislation in Turkey and European Union. Harran Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2021;10(2):114-9.