Teorik Makale
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Informality and Protracted Statelessness: Towards a Critical Political Economy of Long-Term Refugee Camps

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 2, 119 - 138, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/IAR2022-1178113

Öz

Over the past two decades, scholarship analyzing long-term refugee camps in the Global South in terms of the social production of space has proliferated, as has statelessness around the world. A comprehensive review of this large body of scholarship is beyond the scope of this present work. Its goal, rather, is to trace continuities and shifts in the conceptual paradigms that have been deployed in this body of work, and to examine these changes in relation to shifts in local and global political economies. Early efforts to analyze the continued existence of spaces formally established as “temporary” responses to conflict, were initiated by anthropologists conducting fieldwork in Southeast Asia and East Africa. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s work on the exercise of power in modern states, this body of scholarship was preoccupied with the attempts of host-states and humanitarian aid organizations to discipline refugees within spaces of containment and surveillance, as well as refugees’ articulation of diasporic nationalism in response to these unequal relationships of power. With the securitization of (im)migration policy in the Global North as well as the Global South, concepts of “encampment” and “humanitarian government,” drawing on Giorgio Agamben’s critique of liberal democracies, have been deployed to highlight the difficult conditions within refugee camps, and to question the legitimacy of the authority with which they are administered. A shortcoming of these paradigms is a focus on the “political” to the exclusion of the “economic.” Drawing on long-term fieldwork conducted in Burj al-Barajneh refugee camp located in the southern suburbs of Beirut, a different conceptual framework is proposed which seeks to locate the histories of particular refugee camps within changing local and global political economies.

Kaynakça

  • Agamben, G. (1995). We Refugees. Symposium, 49(2), 114-119. google scholar
  • Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press. google scholar
  • Agamben, G. (2005). State of Exception. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Agier, M. (2002). Between War and City: Towards an Urban Anthropology of Refugee Camps. Ethnography, 3(3), 317-341. google scholar
  • Agier, M. (2011). Managing the Undesirables: Refugee Camps and Humanitarian Government. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. google scholar
  • Allan, D. (2013). Refugees of the Revolution: Experiences of Palestinian Exile Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press. google scholar
  • Amel, M. (2020). Arab Marxism and National Liberation: Selected Writings of Mahdi Amel. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. google scholar
  • Boochani, B. (2018). No Friend but the Mountains: Writings from Manus Prison. London, UK: Pan Macmillan. google scholar
  • Conlon, D., and Hiemstra, N. (2014). Examining the Everyday Micro-Economies of Migrant Detention in the United States. Geographica Helvetica, 69(5), 335-344. google scholar
  • Cooper, F. and Packard, R. 1997. Introduction. In F. Cooper and R. Packard (Eds.), International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (pp. 1-44) Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Davis, R. 2010. Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced. Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press. google scholar
  • Denoeux, G. (1993). Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon. Albany, USA: State University of New York Press. google scholar
  • Diken, B, and Laustsen, C. (2003). “Camping” as a Contemporary Strategy—From Refugee Camps to Gated Communities. AMID Working Paper Series 3. Aalborg University, Denmark: AMID. google scholar
  • Diken, B, and Laustsen, C. (2005). The Culture of Exception: Sociology Facing the Camp. London, UK: Routledge. google scholar
  • Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1969 [1940]). The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Fassin, D. (2012). Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Fassin, D. (2013). The Predicament of Humanitarianism. Qui Parle, 22(1), 33-48. google scholar
  • Feldman, I. (2014). What is a Camp? Legitimate Refugee Lives in Spaces of Long-Term Displacement. Geoforum, 66, 244-252. google scholar
  • Feldman, I. (2018). Life Lived in Relief: Humanitarian Predicaments and Palestinian Refugee Politics. Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (1991). The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (1995 [1975]). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York, USA: Vintage Books. google scholar
  • Franjieh, S. (1972). How Revolutionary is the Palestinian Resistance? A Marxist Interpretation. Journal of Palestine Studies, 1(2), 52-60. google scholar
  • Geertz, C. (1963). The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Politics in the New States. In C. Geertz (Ed.), Old Societies and New States; the Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa (pp. 105157). New York, USA: Free Press. google scholar
  • Geertz, C., Geertz, H., and Rosen, M. (1979). Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society: Three Essays in Cultural Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Gilsenan, M. (1977). Against Patron-Client Relations. In E. Gellner and J. Waterbury (Eds.), Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (pp. 167-183). London, UK: Duckworth. google scholar
  • Gueguen-Teil, C. and Katz, I. (2018). On the Meaning of Shelter: Living in Calais’s Camps de la Lande. In I. Katz, D. Martin, and C. Minca (Eds.), Camps Revisited: Multifaceted Spatialities of a Modern Political Technology (pp. 83-98). London, UK: Rowman and Littlefield. google scholar
  • Hajj, N. (2017). Protection Amid Chaos: The Creation of Property Rights in Palestinian Refugee Camps. New York, USA: Columbia University Press. google scholar
  • Hanafi, S. and Long, T. (2010). Governance, Governmentalities, and the State of Exception in the Palestinian Refugee Camps of Lebanon. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(2), 134-159. google scholar
  • Hart, K. (1975). Swindler or Public Benefactor? The Entrepreneur in His Community. In J. Goody (Ed.), Changing Social Structure in Ghana (pp. 1-36), London, UK: International African Institute. google scholar
  • Hart, K. (2009). On the Informal Economy: The Political History of an Ethnographic Concept. CEB Working Paper No. 09/042. Brussels, Belgium: Universite Libre de Bruxelles. google scholar
  • Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Hitchcox, L. (1990). Vietnamese Refugees in Southeast Asian Camps. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Hyndman, J. (2000). Managing Displacement: Refugees and the Politics of Humanitarianism. Minneapolis, USA: University of Minnesota Press. google scholar
  • Issa, P. (2021). The Endurance of Palestinian Political Factions: An Everyday Perspective from Nahr el-Bared Camp. Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Jaffe, R. and Koster, M. (2019). The Myth of Formality in the Global North: Informality-As-Innovation in Dutch Governance. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 43(3), 563-568. google scholar
  • Jansen, B. (2018). Kakuma Refugee Camp: Urbanism in Kenya’s Accidental City. London, UK: Zed Books. google scholar
  • Johnson, M. (1986). Class and Client in Beirut: The Sunni Muslim Community and the Lebanese State 1840-1985. London, UK: Ithaca Press. google scholar
  • Karatani, R. (2005). How History Separated Refugee and Migrant Regimes: In Search of Their Institutional Origins. International Journal of Refugee Law, 17(3), 517-541. google scholar
  • Khalili, L. (2007). Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National Commemoration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Khuri, F. (1969). The Changing Class Structure in Lebanon. Middle East Journal, 23(1), 29-44. google scholar
  • Khuri, F. (1972). Sectarian Loyalty Among Rural Migrants in Two Lebanese Suburbs: A Stage Between Family and National Allegiance. In R. Antoun and I. Harik (Eds.), Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East (pp. 198-213). Bloomington, USA: Indiana University Press. google scholar
  • Latif, N. (2008(a)). Space, Power and Identity in a Palestinian Refugee Camp. Asylon(s) 5. Retrieved from http://www.reseau-terra.eu/article800.html google scholar
  • Latif, N. (2008(b)). Making Refugees. The New Centennial Review, 8(2), 253-272. google scholar
  • Latif, N. (2011). Fellahin, Fida’yin, Laja’yin: Palestinian Camp Refugees in Lebanon as Autochthons. Arab Studies Journal, 19(1), 46-77. google scholar
  • Latif, N. (2012). “It Was Better During the War”: Narratives of Everyday Violence in a Palestinian Refugee Camp. Feminist Review, 101, 24-40. google scholar
  • Ledeneva, A. (2018). Introduction. In A Ledeneva et al (Eds.), Global Encyclopedia of Informality, Volume 1 (pp. 1-27). Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991 [1974]). The Production of Space. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. google scholar
  • Lomnitz, L. (1988). Informal Exchange Networks in Formal Systems: A Theoretical Model. American Anthropologist, 90(1), 42-55. google scholar
  • Long, K. (2013). When Refugees Stopped Being Migrants: Movement, Labour and Humanitarian Protection. Migration Studies, 1(1), 4-26. google scholar
  • Makdisi, U. (1996). Reconstructing the Nation-State: The Modernity of Sectarianism in Lebanon. MERIP Report, 200, 23-26, 30. google scholar
  • Malkki, L. (1995). Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology Among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Mortland, C. (1987). Transforming Refugees in Refugee Camps. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, 16(3/4), 375-404. google scholar
  • Nasr, S. (1978). Backdrop to Civil War: The Crisis of Lebanese Capitalism. MERIP Report, 73, 3-13. google scholar
  • Nasr, S. and James, D. (1985). Roots of the Shi’i Movement. MERIP Report, 133, 10-16. google scholar
  • Owen, R. (1981). The Middle East in the World Economy 1800-1914. London, UK: Methuen. google scholar
  • Pandolfi, M. (2003). Contract of Mutual (In) difference: Governance and the Humanitarian Apparatus in Contemporary Albania and Kosovo. Global Legal Studies, 10(1), 369-381. google scholar
  • Perera, S. (2002). What is a Camp? Borderphobias-the Politics of Insecurity Post-9/11. Borderlands, 1(1). Retrieved from http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol1no1_2002/perera_camp.html google scholar
  • Perlman, J. (1975). Rio’s Favelas and the Myth of Marginality. Politics and Society, 5(2), 131-160. google scholar
  • Peteet, J. (2005). Landscape of Hope and Despair: Palestinian Refugee Camps. Philadelphia, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press. google scholar
  • Peteet, J. (1991). Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement. New York, USA: Columbia university Press. google scholar
  • Peters, L. (1972). Shifts in Power in a Lebanese Village. In R. Antoun and I. Harik (Eds.), Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East (pp. 165-197). Bloomington, USA: Indiana University Press. google scholar
  • Roy, A. (2005). Urban Informality: Toward an Epistemology of Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(2), 147-158. google scholar
  • Sassen, S. (1993). The Informal Economy: Between New Developments and Old Regulations. The Yale Law Journal, 103, 2289-2304. google scholar
  • Sayigh, R. (1978). The Struggle for Survival: The Economic Conditions of Palestinian Camp Residents in Lebanon. Journal of Palestine Studies, 7(2), 101-119. google scholar
  • Sayigh, R. (1979). Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries. London, UK: Zed Books. google scholar
  • Sayigh, Y. (1997). Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement 19491993. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Sirhan, B. (1975). Palestinian Refugee Camp Life in Lebanon. Journal of Palestine Studies, 4(2), 91-107. google scholar
  • Smith, P. (1986). The Palestinian Diaspora, 1948-1985. Journal of Palestine Studies, 15(3), 90-108. google scholar
  • Traboulsi, F. (2007). A Modern History of Lebanon. London, UK: Pluto Press. google scholar
  • Turki, F. (1974). To Be a Palestinian. Journal of Palestinian Studies, 3(3), 3-17. google scholar
  • Vernant, J. (1953). The Refugee in the Post-War World. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. google scholar

Formal Exclusion/Informal Inclusion: Towards a Critical Political Economy of Long-Term Refugee Camps

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 2, 119 - 138, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/IAR2022-1178113

Öz

This essay traces conceptual shifts in ethnographic analyses of long-term refugee camps. Earlier studies analyzing long-term refugee camps formally established as “temporary” responses to conflict drew on Foucault’s theorization of the exercise of power in modern states. This literature focused on the attempts of host-states and humanitarian aid organizations to discipline refugees within spaces of containment and surveillance, as well as refugees’ articulation of diasporic nationalism in response to these unequal relationships of power. With the securitization of (im)migration policy in the Global North as well as Global South, researchers have deployed the concepts of “encampment” and “humanitarian government,” drawing on Giorgio Agamben’s critique of liberal democracies, to highlight the difficult conditions within refugee camps, and question the legitimacy of the authority with which they are administered. A shortcoming of these paradigms is a focus on the “political” to the exclusion of the “economic.” Drawing on long-term fieldwork conducted in the Burj al-Barajneh refugee camp located in the southern suburbs of Beirut, a different conceptual framework is proposed which examines social relationships within particular refugee camps in light of their historically shifting location within local and global political economies.

Kaynakça

  • Agamben, G. (1995). We Refugees. Symposium, 49(2), 114-119. google scholar
  • Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press. google scholar
  • Agamben, G. (2005). State of Exception. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Agier, M. (2002). Between War and City: Towards an Urban Anthropology of Refugee Camps. Ethnography, 3(3), 317-341. google scholar
  • Agier, M. (2011). Managing the Undesirables: Refugee Camps and Humanitarian Government. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. google scholar
  • Allan, D. (2013). Refugees of the Revolution: Experiences of Palestinian Exile Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press. google scholar
  • Amel, M. (2020). Arab Marxism and National Liberation: Selected Writings of Mahdi Amel. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. google scholar
  • Boochani, B. (2018). No Friend but the Mountains: Writings from Manus Prison. London, UK: Pan Macmillan. google scholar
  • Conlon, D., and Hiemstra, N. (2014). Examining the Everyday Micro-Economies of Migrant Detention in the United States. Geographica Helvetica, 69(5), 335-344. google scholar
  • Cooper, F. and Packard, R. 1997. Introduction. In F. Cooper and R. Packard (Eds.), International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (pp. 1-44) Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Davis, R. 2010. Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced. Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press. google scholar
  • Denoeux, G. (1993). Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon. Albany, USA: State University of New York Press. google scholar
  • Diken, B, and Laustsen, C. (2003). “Camping” as a Contemporary Strategy—From Refugee Camps to Gated Communities. AMID Working Paper Series 3. Aalborg University, Denmark: AMID. google scholar
  • Diken, B, and Laustsen, C. (2005). The Culture of Exception: Sociology Facing the Camp. London, UK: Routledge. google scholar
  • Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1969 [1940]). The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Fassin, D. (2012). Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Fassin, D. (2013). The Predicament of Humanitarianism. Qui Parle, 22(1), 33-48. google scholar
  • Feldman, I. (2014). What is a Camp? Legitimate Refugee Lives in Spaces of Long-Term Displacement. Geoforum, 66, 244-252. google scholar
  • Feldman, I. (2018). Life Lived in Relief: Humanitarian Predicaments and Palestinian Refugee Politics. Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (1991). The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Foucault, M. (1995 [1975]). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York, USA: Vintage Books. google scholar
  • Franjieh, S. (1972). How Revolutionary is the Palestinian Resistance? A Marxist Interpretation. Journal of Palestine Studies, 1(2), 52-60. google scholar
  • Geertz, C. (1963). The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Politics in the New States. In C. Geertz (Ed.), Old Societies and New States; the Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa (pp. 105157). New York, USA: Free Press. google scholar
  • Geertz, C., Geertz, H., and Rosen, M. (1979). Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society: Three Essays in Cultural Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Gilsenan, M. (1977). Against Patron-Client Relations. In E. Gellner and J. Waterbury (Eds.), Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (pp. 167-183). London, UK: Duckworth. google scholar
  • Gueguen-Teil, C. and Katz, I. (2018). On the Meaning of Shelter: Living in Calais’s Camps de la Lande. In I. Katz, D. Martin, and C. Minca (Eds.), Camps Revisited: Multifaceted Spatialities of a Modern Political Technology (pp. 83-98). London, UK: Rowman and Littlefield. google scholar
  • Hajj, N. (2017). Protection Amid Chaos: The Creation of Property Rights in Palestinian Refugee Camps. New York, USA: Columbia University Press. google scholar
  • Hanafi, S. and Long, T. (2010). Governance, Governmentalities, and the State of Exception in the Palestinian Refugee Camps of Lebanon. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(2), 134-159. google scholar
  • Hart, K. (1975). Swindler or Public Benefactor? The Entrepreneur in His Community. In J. Goody (Ed.), Changing Social Structure in Ghana (pp. 1-36), London, UK: International African Institute. google scholar
  • Hart, K. (2009). On the Informal Economy: The Political History of an Ethnographic Concept. CEB Working Paper No. 09/042. Brussels, Belgium: Universite Libre de Bruxelles. google scholar
  • Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Hitchcox, L. (1990). Vietnamese Refugees in Southeast Asian Camps. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Hyndman, J. (2000). Managing Displacement: Refugees and the Politics of Humanitarianism. Minneapolis, USA: University of Minnesota Press. google scholar
  • Issa, P. (2021). The Endurance of Palestinian Political Factions: An Everyday Perspective from Nahr el-Bared Camp. Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Jaffe, R. and Koster, M. (2019). The Myth of Formality in the Global North: Informality-As-Innovation in Dutch Governance. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 43(3), 563-568. google scholar
  • Jansen, B. (2018). Kakuma Refugee Camp: Urbanism in Kenya’s Accidental City. London, UK: Zed Books. google scholar
  • Johnson, M. (1986). Class and Client in Beirut: The Sunni Muslim Community and the Lebanese State 1840-1985. London, UK: Ithaca Press. google scholar
  • Karatani, R. (2005). How History Separated Refugee and Migrant Regimes: In Search of Their Institutional Origins. International Journal of Refugee Law, 17(3), 517-541. google scholar
  • Khalili, L. (2007). Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National Commemoration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Khuri, F. (1969). The Changing Class Structure in Lebanon. Middle East Journal, 23(1), 29-44. google scholar
  • Khuri, F. (1972). Sectarian Loyalty Among Rural Migrants in Two Lebanese Suburbs: A Stage Between Family and National Allegiance. In R. Antoun and I. Harik (Eds.), Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East (pp. 198-213). Bloomington, USA: Indiana University Press. google scholar
  • Latif, N. (2008(a)). Space, Power and Identity in a Palestinian Refugee Camp. Asylon(s) 5. Retrieved from http://www.reseau-terra.eu/article800.html google scholar
  • Latif, N. (2008(b)). Making Refugees. The New Centennial Review, 8(2), 253-272. google scholar
  • Latif, N. (2011). Fellahin, Fida’yin, Laja’yin: Palestinian Camp Refugees in Lebanon as Autochthons. Arab Studies Journal, 19(1), 46-77. google scholar
  • Latif, N. (2012). “It Was Better During the War”: Narratives of Everyday Violence in a Palestinian Refugee Camp. Feminist Review, 101, 24-40. google scholar
  • Ledeneva, A. (2018). Introduction. In A Ledeneva et al (Eds.), Global Encyclopedia of Informality, Volume 1 (pp. 1-27). Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991 [1974]). The Production of Space. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. google scholar
  • Lomnitz, L. (1988). Informal Exchange Networks in Formal Systems: A Theoretical Model. American Anthropologist, 90(1), 42-55. google scholar
  • Long, K. (2013). When Refugees Stopped Being Migrants: Movement, Labour and Humanitarian Protection. Migration Studies, 1(1), 4-26. google scholar
  • Makdisi, U. (1996). Reconstructing the Nation-State: The Modernity of Sectarianism in Lebanon. MERIP Report, 200, 23-26, 30. google scholar
  • Malkki, L. (1995). Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology Among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Mortland, C. (1987). Transforming Refugees in Refugee Camps. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, 16(3/4), 375-404. google scholar
  • Nasr, S. (1978). Backdrop to Civil War: The Crisis of Lebanese Capitalism. MERIP Report, 73, 3-13. google scholar
  • Nasr, S. and James, D. (1985). Roots of the Shi’i Movement. MERIP Report, 133, 10-16. google scholar
  • Owen, R. (1981). The Middle East in the World Economy 1800-1914. London, UK: Methuen. google scholar
  • Pandolfi, M. (2003). Contract of Mutual (In) difference: Governance and the Humanitarian Apparatus in Contemporary Albania and Kosovo. Global Legal Studies, 10(1), 369-381. google scholar
  • Perera, S. (2002). What is a Camp? Borderphobias-the Politics of Insecurity Post-9/11. Borderlands, 1(1). Retrieved from http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol1no1_2002/perera_camp.html google scholar
  • Perlman, J. (1975). Rio’s Favelas and the Myth of Marginality. Politics and Society, 5(2), 131-160. google scholar
  • Peteet, J. (2005). Landscape of Hope and Despair: Palestinian Refugee Camps. Philadelphia, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press. google scholar
  • Peteet, J. (1991). Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement. New York, USA: Columbia university Press. google scholar
  • Peters, L. (1972). Shifts in Power in a Lebanese Village. In R. Antoun and I. Harik (Eds.), Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East (pp. 165-197). Bloomington, USA: Indiana University Press. google scholar
  • Roy, A. (2005). Urban Informality: Toward an Epistemology of Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(2), 147-158. google scholar
  • Sassen, S. (1993). The Informal Economy: Between New Developments and Old Regulations. The Yale Law Journal, 103, 2289-2304. google scholar
  • Sayigh, R. (1978). The Struggle for Survival: The Economic Conditions of Palestinian Camp Residents in Lebanon. Journal of Palestine Studies, 7(2), 101-119. google scholar
  • Sayigh, R. (1979). Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries. London, UK: Zed Books. google scholar
  • Sayigh, Y. (1997). Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement 19491993. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Sirhan, B. (1975). Palestinian Refugee Camp Life in Lebanon. Journal of Palestine Studies, 4(2), 91-107. google scholar
  • Smith, P. (1986). The Palestinian Diaspora, 1948-1985. Journal of Palestine Studies, 15(3), 90-108. google scholar
  • Traboulsi, F. (2007). A Modern History of Lebanon. London, UK: Pluto Press. google scholar
  • Turki, F. (1974). To Be a Palestinian. Journal of Palestinian Studies, 3(3), 3-17. google scholar
  • Vernant, J. (1953). The Refugee in the Post-War World. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. google scholar
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Antropoloji
Bölüm Kuramsal Makale
Yazarlar

Nadia Latif 0000-0001-5124-3502

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Latif, N. (2022). Formal Exclusion/Informal Inclusion: Towards a Critical Political Economy of Long-Term Refugee Camps. Istanbul Anthropological Review(2), 119-138. https://doi.org/10.26650/IAR2022-1178113