Yetişkinlerde Şefkat Korkusu ve Psikolojik Esneklik

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 12, 539 - 559, 02.08.2022

Orkide Bakalım , Faika Şanal Karahan

https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.1047549

Öz

Şefkat korkusu kişinin kendisine ve diğerlerine şefkat göstermeye karşı direncidir. Bu direnç, başkalarına şefkat gösterme, başkalarından gelen şefkate karşılık verme, kendimize şefkat gösterme korkusu olarak üç boyutta kendini gösterebilir. Bununla birlikte psikolojik esnekliğe sahip olan bireyler bu korkuyu daha az hissedebilir. Bu araştırmada yetişkin bireylerde psikolojik esneklik alt boyutlarının (değerler ve değerler doğrultusunda davranma, anda olma, kabul, bağlamsal benlik, ayrışma) şefkat korkusunun alt boyutları olan başkalarına sefkat gösterme korkusu, başkalarından gelen şefkate karşılık verme korkusu ve kendimize anlayış ve şefkat gösterme korkusunun anlamlı yordayıcıları olup olmadığı ve şefkat korkusu puanlarının cinsiyet ve ilişki durumuna göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı araştırılmıştır. Veriler için Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Şefkat Korkusu Ölçeği ve Psikolojik Esneklik Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Analizler psikolojik esnekliğin tüm alt boyutlarda şefkat korkusunun anlamlı yordayıcısı olduğunu, erkeklerin şefkat korkusunun kadınlara oranla daha yüksek düzeyde olduğunu ve evli bireylerde başkalarından gelen şefkate karşılık verme korkusunun bekar bireylere göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Şefkat Korkusu, Psikolojik Esneklik, Cinsiyet, Yetişkinler

Fear Of Compassion and Psychological Flexibility in Adults

Öz

Fear of compassion is one's resistance to showing compassion for oneself and others. This resistance can manifest itself in three dimensions as the fear of showing compassion for others, reciprocating compassion from others, and showing compassion for ourselves. However, individuals with psychological flexibility may feel this fear less. In this study, whether the subdimensions of psychological flexibility (values and committed action, present moment awareness, acceptance, self as context ,and defusion) were significant predictors of the subdimensions of fear of compassion (fear of compassion for others, fear of compassion from other, and fear of self-compassion) has been examined and it was investigated whether fear of compassion scores differed significantly according to gender and relationship status. Personal Information Form, Fears of Compassion Scales and Psychological Flexibility Scale were used to collect data. Analyzes showed that psychological flexibility was a significant predictor of fear of compassion in all subdimensions, men's fear of compassion was higher than women's, and the fear of responding to compassion from others was significantly higher in married individuals than in single individuals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fear of Compassion, Psychological Flexibility, Gender, Adults

Kaynakça

• Atkins, P. W., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Understanding individual compassion in organizations: The role of appraisals and psychological flexibility. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 524-546. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0490
• Aydın, Y., ve Aydın, G. (2017). Değer verme ölçeği (DVÖ)’ni Türk kültürüne uyarlama çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 64-77.
• Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L., & Peters, J. R. (2012). Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.674548
• Bilgen, İ. (2021). Terapide psikolojik esneklik: Kabul ve adanmışlık terapisi. Epsilon Yayınevi. Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., & Barnes-Homes, D. (2006). Psychological flexibility, ACT and organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management. 26, 25–54. https://doi.org/ 10.1300/J075v26n01_02
• Coelho, H. L., Trindade, I. A., Mendes, A. L., & Ferreira, C. (2019). The mediating role of shame and fear of compassion on the relationship between major life events and depressive symptoms. Current Psychology, 40, 4553-4562, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00396-6
• Crocker J., & Canevello, A. (2008) Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: the role of compassionate and self-image goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95: 555-575.
• Çevik, Ö., & Tanhan, F. (2020). Fear of compassion: Description, causes and prevention. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 12(3), 342-351.
• Demirsu (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinde algılanan ebeveyn tutumları ile sürekli kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik dayanıklılığın ve kaygı duyarlılığının aracı rolleri, [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Işık Üniversitesi
• Dias, B.S., Ferreira, C. & Trindade, I.A. (2020). Influence of fears of compassion on body image shame and disordered eating. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 25, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0523-0
• Francis, A. W., Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2016). The development and validation of the Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes (CompACT). Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(3), 134-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.05.003
• Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264
• Gilbert P (2015) An evolutionary approach to emotion in mental health with a focus on affiliative emotions. Emotion Review, 7(3):230–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915576552
• Gilbert, P. (2017). Compassion: Definitions and controversies. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Concepts, research and applications (p. 3–15). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315564296-1
• Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, research and practice, 84(3), 239-255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511
• Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 351-374.
• Hayes, S. C. (2008). The roots of compassion. Chicago: Keynote address presented at the fourth acceptance and commitment therapy Summer Institute. Chicago, IL. http://www.globalpres.com/mediasite/Viewer/?peid=017fe6ef4b1544279d8cf27 adbe92a51.
• Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model processes and outcomes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44,1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
• Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happiness in non- meditators: A theoretical and empirical examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 222-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.033
• Hulbert‐Williams, N. J., Storey, L., & Wilson, K .G. (2015). Psychological interventions for patients with cancer: psychological flexibility and the potential utility of Acceptance and Commitment therapy. European Journal of Cancer Care, 24(1), 15-27 . https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12223
• Joeng, J. R., & Turner, S. L. (2015). Mediators Between Self-Criticism and Depression: Fear of Compassion, Self-Compassion, and Importance to Others. Journal of Counseling Psychology. Advance online publication. 1-12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000071
• Karakuş, S., & Akbay, S. E. (2020). Psikolojik Esneklik Ölçeği: Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.665406
• Keller, S., & Huppert, F. A. (2021). The Virtue of Self-Compassion. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 24, 446-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-021-10171-x
• Kelly, A. C., Carter, J. C., Zuroff, D. C., & Borairi, S. (2013). Self-compassion and fear of self-compassion interact to predict response to eating disorders treatment:A preliminary investigation.Psychotherapy Research, 23, 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.717310
• Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guildford Press.
• Ko, C. M., Grace, F., Chavez, G. N., Grimley, S. J., Dalrymple, E. R., & Olson, L. E. (2018). Effect of seminar on compassion on student self-compassion, mindfulness and well-being: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of American college health, 66(7), 537-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1431913
• Masuda, A., Hayes, S. C., Twohig, M. P., Drossel, C., Lillis, J., & Washio, Y. (2009). A parametric study of cognitive defusion and the believability and discomfort of negative self-relevant thoughts. Behavior modification, 33(2), 250-262.
• Matos, M., Duarte, J., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017). The origins of fears of compassion: Shame and lack of safeness memories, fears of compassion and psychopathology, The Journal of Psychology, 151:8, 804-819, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00223980.2017.1393380
• Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Frías, M. D., & Tur, A. M. (2009). Are women more empathetic than men? A longitudinal study in adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600001499
• Miron, L. R., Sherrill, A. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Fear of self-compassion and psychological inflexibility interact to predict PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(1), 37-41. https://doi.org/:10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.10.003
• Nalbant, A., & Yavuz, K. F. (2019). Dil kozasından çıkış: Bilişsel ayrışma. JCBPR, 8(1)58−62, https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.33709
• Necef I., & Deniz M. E. (2018, Nisan). Şefkat korkusu ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Sözlü Bildiri. III. INES Education and Social Science Congress, Antalya.
• Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.
• Neff, K.D, Kirkpatrick, K.L., & Rude, S.S (2007) Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1):139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004
• Neff, K., & Tirch, D. (2013). Self-compassion and ACT. In T. B. Kashdan & J. Ciarrochi (Eds.), Mindfulness, acceptance, and positive psychology: the seven foundations of well-being. Oakland: Context Press/New Harbinger Publications.
• Pyszkowska, A., & Rönnlund, M. (2021). Psychological flexibility and self-compassion as predictors of well-being: Mediating role of a balanced time perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 2110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671746
• Rostampour Brenjestanaki, M., Abbasi, G., & Mirzaian, B. (2020). Effectiveness of Compassion-focused Therapy on Psychological Flexibility recovery and Self-criticism decrease in Mothers with Mentally Retarded Children. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling, 10(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.22055/JAC.2020.33836.1749
• Santiago, P. N., & Gall, T. L. (2016). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a spiritually integrated psychotherapy. Counseling and Values, 61(2), 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12040
• Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(5), 629–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056439
• Strosahl, K. D., Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., & Gifford, E. V. (2004). An ACT primer. In A practical guide to acceptance and commitment therapy (pp. 31-58). Springer, Boston, MA.
• Tirch, D. D. (2010). Mindfulness as a context for the cultivation of compassion. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3(2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2010.3.2.113
• Tirch, D., Schoendorff, B., & Silberstein, L. R. (2014). The ACT practitioner's guide to the science of compassion: Tools for fostering psychological flexibility. New Harbinger Publications.
• Uzbaş Uğur, E. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde bağlanma stilleri, öz şefkat, stresle başa çıkma tarzları ve psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişkiler [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Van der Graaff, J., Branje, S., De Wied, M., Hawk, S., Van Lier, P., & Meeus, W. (2014). Perspective taking and empathic concern in adolescence: Gender differences in developmental changes. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 881-888. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034325
• Wetterneck, C. T., Lee, E. B., Smith, A. H., & Hart, J. M. (2013). Courage, self-compassion, and values in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2(3-4), 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2451
• Xavier, A., Cunha, M., & Pinto Gouveia, J. (2015). Deliberate self-harm in adolescence: The impact of childhood experiences, negative affect and fears of compassion. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 20(1), 41-49.
• Yarnell, L. M., Neff, K. D., Davidson, O. A., & Mullarkey, M. (2019). Gender differences in self- compassion: Examining the role of gender role orientation. Mindfulness, 10(6), 1136-1152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1066-1
• Yavuz, K. F. (2015). Kabul ve kararlılık terapisi (ACT): Genel bir bakış. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Psychiatry Special Topics, 8(2), 21-27.
• Yektaş, Ç. (2020). Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi: Güncel Yaklaşımlar ve Temel Kavramlar içinde Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi (ACT), Akademisyen Yayınevi
• Yip, S. Y., Mak, W. W., Chio, F. H., & Law, R. W. (2017). The mediating role of self-compassion between mindfulness and compassion fatigue among therapists in Hong Kong. Mindfulness, 8(2), 460-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0618-5
• Zhang, J. W., Chen, S., & Tomova Shakur, T. K. (2020). From me to you: Self-compassion predicts acceptance of own and others’ imperfections. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(2), 228-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219853846
• Zhang, C. Q., Leeming, E., Smith, P., Chung, P. K., Hagger, M. S., & Hayes, S. C. (2018). Acceptance and commitment therapy for health behavior change: a contextually-driven approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02350