Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

GREENWASHING OR GENUINE ENVIRONMENTALISM? THE IMPACT OF ECO-FRIENDLY ADVERTISING MESSAGES ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 13 - 38, 28.01.2026

Öz

Today, sustainability has become a significant factor for both consumers and brands due to increasing environmental awareness. However, many brands present an environmentally friendly image merely by making claims of environmental benefits. This practice, known as greenwashing, brings misleading environmental practices into focus. In this context, the main objective of the study is to determine consumers’ level of trust in environmental claims and evaluate the impact of these claims on purchase intention. As part of the research, a focus group interview was conducted with eight participants who were students at the Faculty of Communication. During the session, environmental advertising posters from brands in the cleaning, food, beverage, ready-to-wear, and cosmetics sectors were shown to participants, and questions were asked regarding perceived credibility, trustworthiness, and potential influence of each poster on purchase behavior. The participants’ perceptions of these advertisements, as well as how the messages affected their trust and purchasing tendencies, were coded and analyzed using NVivo qualitative data analysis software. The findings revealed that consumers are developing an increasingly critical and conscious attitude toward environmental advertising messages and that superficial environmental discourse supported by symbols and colors is perceived as greenwashing. Brands that earned the participants’ trust were those that supported their environmental claims with measurable data and concrete practices and adopted a transparent, consistent, action-based sustainability approach. In conclusion, the study indicates that the perception of genuine environmentalism in the eyes of consumers is built not through symbols but through transparency, and not through rhetoric but action.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, T., Caber, M., Moutinho, L., & Herstein, R. (2011). The influence of skepticism on green purchase behavior. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(13), 189–197.
  • Aziz, A. (2020). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri ve teknikleri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. A., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Çabuk, S., Nakıboğlu, B., & Keleş, C. (2008). Tüketicilerin yeşil (ürün) satın alma davranışlarının sosyo-demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 85–102.
  • Chekima, B., Chekima, S., Syed Khalid Wafa, S., Igau, O., & Sondoh, S. (2016). Sustainable consumption: The effects of knowledge, cultural values, environmental advertising, and demographics. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 23(2), 210–220.
  • Chen, Y.-S., & Chang, C.-H. (2013). Greenwash and green trust: The mediation effects of green consumer confusion and green perceived risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(3), 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1360-0
  • Dahhan, A., & Arenkov, I. A. (2021). Green marketing as a trend towards achieving sustainable development. Economics, Entrepreneurship and Law, 11, 2497–2512.
  • Dangelico, R. M., & Vocalelli, D. (2017). Green marketing: An analysis of definitions, strategy steps, and tools through a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 165, 1263–1279.
  • Davis, J. J. (1992). Ethics and environmental marketing. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(2), 81–87.
  • De Freitas Netto, S. V. F., Sobral, M. F. F., & Ribeiro, A. R. B. (2020). Concepts and forms of greenwashing: A systematic review. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32, Article 19.
  • Do Paço, A. M. F., & Reis, R. (2012). Factors affecting skepticism toward green advertising. Journal of Advertising, 41(4), 147–155.
  • Doğan, U., & Durukan, T. (2015). Social responsibility project for a liveable world and sustainable development: Green marketing. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 32, 85–93.
  • Ethical Consumer. (2024). What is greenwashing? https://www.ethicalconsumer. org/ethical-shopping/greenwashing
  • Johnstone, M. L., & Lindh, C. (2018). The sustainability-age dilemma: A theory of (un)planned behavior. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 17(1), 127–139.
  • Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: Introducing focus groups. BMJ, 311, 299–302.
  • Kronrod, A., Grinstein, A., & Wathieu, L. (2012). Go green! Should environmental messages be so assertive? Journal of Marketing, 76(1), 95–102.
  • Krstić, J., Kostić-Stanković, M., & Cvijović, J. (2021). Green advertising and its impact on environmentally friendly consumption choices: A review. Industrija, 49, 93–110.
  • Kumar Kar, S., & Harichandan, S. (2022). Green marketing innovation and sustainable consumption: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 361, 132290.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.
  • Lyon, T. P., & Montgomery, A. W. (2015). The means and end of greenwash. Organization & Environment, 28(2), 223–249.
  • Matthes, J., & Wonneberger, A. (2014). The skeptical green consumer revisited. Journal of Advertising, 43(2), 115–127.
  • Naderer, B., & Opree, S. J. (2021). Increasing advertising literacy to unveil disinformation in green advertising. Environmental Communication, 15(7), 923–936.
  • Nemes, N., Scanlan, S. J., Smith, P., Smith, T., Aronczyk, M., Hill, S., Lewis, S. L., Montgomery, A. W., Tubiello, F. N., & Stabinsky, D. (2022). An integrated framework to assess greenwashing. Sustainability, 14, 4431.
  • Newell, S. J., Goldsmith, R. E., & Banzhaf, E. J. (1998). The effect of misleading environmental claims on consumer perceptions of advertisements. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 6(2), 48–60.
  • Nygaard, A., & Silkoset, R. (2023). Sustainable development and greenwashing: How blockchain technology information can empower green consumers. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(6), 3801–3813.
  • Nyilasy, G., Gangadharbatla, H., & Paladino, A. (2014). Perceived greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(4), 693–707.
  • Pham, N. T., & Barretta, P. G. (2024). Green marketing or greenwashing. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 26(1), 19–33.
  • Rahman, S., & Nguyen-Viet, B. (2023). Towards sustainable development: Coupling green marketing strategies and consumer perceptions in addressing greenwashing. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(4), 2420–2433.
  • Schmuck, D., Matthes, J., & Naderer, B. (2018). Misleading consumers with green advertising? Journal of Advertising, 47(2), 127–145.
  • Segev, S., Fernandes, J., & Hong, C. (2016). Is your product really green? Journal of Advertising, 45(1), 85–93.
  • Szabo, S., & Webster, J. (2020). Perceived greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 171, 719–739.
  • Tapan, A. (2022). Markaların yeşil reklam stratejilerinin dijital etkileşiminde “vicdan azabı” duygusunun rolü. Yeni Medya Dergisi, 13, 310–336.
  • Thakkar, R. S. (2021). Green marketing and sustainable development: Challenges and opportunities. A Global Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4), 58–65.
  • TerraChoice. (2010). The sins of greenwashing: Home and family edition. https:// www.scribd.com/document/340837897
  • Urkut, S., & Cengiz, E. (2021). Yeşil pazarlamanın tüketicilerin çevre dostu kozmetik ürünleri satın alma niyetine etkisi. Journal of Research in Business, 6(2), 470–492.
  • Wilkinson, S. (1998). Focus group methodology: A review. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 1(3), 181–203.
  • Yeni, O. (2014). Sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma: Bir yazın taraması. Gazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 16(3), 181–208.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (6. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zhang, L., Li, D., Cao, C., & Huang, S. (2018). The influence of greenwashing perception on green purchasing intentions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 740–750.
  • Zhu, B. (2013). The impact of green advertising on consumer purchase intention of green products. World Review of Business Research, 3(3), 72–80.

YEŞİL YIKAMA MI GERÇEK ÇEVRECİLİK Mİ? ÇEVRECİ REKLAM MESAJLARINA İLİŞKİN BİR ODAK GRUP ÇALIŞMASI

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 13 - 38, 28.01.2026

Öz

Günümüzde sürdürülebilirlik, artan çevresel farkındalıkla birlikte hem tüketici hem de marka açısından önemli bir unsur haline gelmiştir. Ancak, birçok marka çevreci bir imaj sunmak adına yalnızca çevresel fayda iddialarında bulunmaktadır. Yeşil yıkama olarak bilinen bu durum yanıltıcı çevrecilik uygulamalarını gündeme getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın temel amacı, tüketicilerin çevreci iddialar karşısındaki güven seviyelerini belirlemek ve bu iddiaların satın alma niyetine etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Araştırma kapsamında, İletişim Fakültesi öğrencilerinden oluşan 8 katılımcı ile odak grup görüşmesi yapılmıştır. Bu görüşmede temizlik, gıda, içecek, hazır giyim ve kozmetik sektörlerinden birer markanın çevreci reklam afişleri katılımcılara gösterilerek, her bir afişin algılanan güvenilirliği, inandırıcılığı ve satın alma üzerindeki potansiyel etkisi üzerine sorular yöneltilmiştir. Katılımcıların bu reklamları nasıl algıladıkları, mesajların güvenilirliğini ve satın alma eğilimlerini nasıl etkilediği nitel veri analiz yazılımı NVivo kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları, tüketicilerin çevreci reklam mesajlarına karşı giderek daha eleştirel ve bilinçli bir tutum geliştirdiğini, yalnızca sembollerle ve renklerle desteklenen yüzeysel çevre söylemlerinin yeşil yıkama olarak algılandığını ortaya koymuştur. Katılımcıların güven duyduğu markalar ise, çevreci iddialarını ölçülebilir veriler ve somut uygulamalarla destekleyen ve şeffaf, tutarlı ve eyleme dayalı bir sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımı benimseyen markalar olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, gerçek çevrecilik algısının tüketici nezdinde sembollerle değil şeffaflıkla, söylemlerle değil eylemlerle inşa edildiği anlaşılmıştır.

Etik Beyan

Görüşmelerin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Etik Kurulundan 2025/09-13 sayılı karar ile etik onay alınmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBİTAK 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, T., Caber, M., Moutinho, L., & Herstein, R. (2011). The influence of skepticism on green purchase behavior. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(13), 189–197.
  • Aziz, A. (2020). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri ve teknikleri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. A., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Çabuk, S., Nakıboğlu, B., & Keleş, C. (2008). Tüketicilerin yeşil (ürün) satın alma davranışlarının sosyo-demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 85–102.
  • Chekima, B., Chekima, S., Syed Khalid Wafa, S., Igau, O., & Sondoh, S. (2016). Sustainable consumption: The effects of knowledge, cultural values, environmental advertising, and demographics. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 23(2), 210–220.
  • Chen, Y.-S., & Chang, C.-H. (2013). Greenwash and green trust: The mediation effects of green consumer confusion and green perceived risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(3), 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1360-0
  • Dahhan, A., & Arenkov, I. A. (2021). Green marketing as a trend towards achieving sustainable development. Economics, Entrepreneurship and Law, 11, 2497–2512.
  • Dangelico, R. M., & Vocalelli, D. (2017). Green marketing: An analysis of definitions, strategy steps, and tools through a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 165, 1263–1279.
  • Davis, J. J. (1992). Ethics and environmental marketing. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(2), 81–87.
  • De Freitas Netto, S. V. F., Sobral, M. F. F., & Ribeiro, A. R. B. (2020). Concepts and forms of greenwashing: A systematic review. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32, Article 19.
  • Do Paço, A. M. F., & Reis, R. (2012). Factors affecting skepticism toward green advertising. Journal of Advertising, 41(4), 147–155.
  • Doğan, U., & Durukan, T. (2015). Social responsibility project for a liveable world and sustainable development: Green marketing. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 32, 85–93.
  • Ethical Consumer. (2024). What is greenwashing? https://www.ethicalconsumer. org/ethical-shopping/greenwashing
  • Johnstone, M. L., & Lindh, C. (2018). The sustainability-age dilemma: A theory of (un)planned behavior. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 17(1), 127–139.
  • Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: Introducing focus groups. BMJ, 311, 299–302.
  • Kronrod, A., Grinstein, A., & Wathieu, L. (2012). Go green! Should environmental messages be so assertive? Journal of Marketing, 76(1), 95–102.
  • Krstić, J., Kostić-Stanković, M., & Cvijović, J. (2021). Green advertising and its impact on environmentally friendly consumption choices: A review. Industrija, 49, 93–110.
  • Kumar Kar, S., & Harichandan, S. (2022). Green marketing innovation and sustainable consumption: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 361, 132290.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.
  • Lyon, T. P., & Montgomery, A. W. (2015). The means and end of greenwash. Organization & Environment, 28(2), 223–249.
  • Matthes, J., & Wonneberger, A. (2014). The skeptical green consumer revisited. Journal of Advertising, 43(2), 115–127.
  • Naderer, B., & Opree, S. J. (2021). Increasing advertising literacy to unveil disinformation in green advertising. Environmental Communication, 15(7), 923–936.
  • Nemes, N., Scanlan, S. J., Smith, P., Smith, T., Aronczyk, M., Hill, S., Lewis, S. L., Montgomery, A. W., Tubiello, F. N., & Stabinsky, D. (2022). An integrated framework to assess greenwashing. Sustainability, 14, 4431.
  • Newell, S. J., Goldsmith, R. E., & Banzhaf, E. J. (1998). The effect of misleading environmental claims on consumer perceptions of advertisements. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 6(2), 48–60.
  • Nygaard, A., & Silkoset, R. (2023). Sustainable development and greenwashing: How blockchain technology information can empower green consumers. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(6), 3801–3813.
  • Nyilasy, G., Gangadharbatla, H., & Paladino, A. (2014). Perceived greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(4), 693–707.
  • Pham, N. T., & Barretta, P. G. (2024). Green marketing or greenwashing. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 26(1), 19–33.
  • Rahman, S., & Nguyen-Viet, B. (2023). Towards sustainable development: Coupling green marketing strategies and consumer perceptions in addressing greenwashing. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(4), 2420–2433.
  • Schmuck, D., Matthes, J., & Naderer, B. (2018). Misleading consumers with green advertising? Journal of Advertising, 47(2), 127–145.
  • Segev, S., Fernandes, J., & Hong, C. (2016). Is your product really green? Journal of Advertising, 45(1), 85–93.
  • Szabo, S., & Webster, J. (2020). Perceived greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 171, 719–739.
  • Tapan, A. (2022). Markaların yeşil reklam stratejilerinin dijital etkileşiminde “vicdan azabı” duygusunun rolü. Yeni Medya Dergisi, 13, 310–336.
  • Thakkar, R. S. (2021). Green marketing and sustainable development: Challenges and opportunities. A Global Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4), 58–65.
  • TerraChoice. (2010). The sins of greenwashing: Home and family edition. https:// www.scribd.com/document/340837897
  • Urkut, S., & Cengiz, E. (2021). Yeşil pazarlamanın tüketicilerin çevre dostu kozmetik ürünleri satın alma niyetine etkisi. Journal of Research in Business, 6(2), 470–492.
  • Wilkinson, S. (1998). Focus group methodology: A review. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 1(3), 181–203.
  • Yeni, O. (2014). Sürdürülebilirlik ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma: Bir yazın taraması. Gazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 16(3), 181–208.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (6. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Zhang, L., Li, D., Cao, C., & Huang, S. (2018). The influence of greenwashing perception on green purchasing intentions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 740–750.
  • Zhu, B. (2013). The impact of green advertising on consumer purchase intention of green products. World Review of Business Research, 3(3), 72–80.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ferda Akünver 0009-0000-2668-6053

Perihan Şeker 0000-0002-0787-8516

Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 22 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akünver, F., & Şeker, P. (2026). YEŞİL YIKAMA MI GERÇEK ÇEVRECİLİK Mİ? ÇEVRECİ REKLAM MESAJLARINA İLİŞKİN BİR ODAK GRUP ÇALIŞMASI. İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 13-38. https://izlik.org/JA84EZ77JK

All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution Licence. (CC-BY-NC 4.0)
by-nc.png