Underemployment among Postgraduate Turkish Students

Öz

This study is an attempt to understand the issue of underemployment among the Turkish postgraduate students. In order to achieve its aim, the study highlighted four main points. Firstly, the study tried to identify the main causes of underemployment. Secondly, to characterize which of the underemployment causes are affecting the participant more. Thirdly, identify the consequences of underemployment on participants’ life. Lastly, to learn more about the coping strategies that participants use to deal with negative consequences of underemployment. A semi-structured interview has been used to collect data from five (5) postgraduate Turkish students. The results showed that, there are four main causes of underemployments, which are: income, skill, status and time-income unbalance. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• underemployment,income,skill

Lisansüstü Eğitim Gören Türk Öğrenciler Arasında Alan Dışı İstihdam

Öz

 Amaç : Bu çalışmanın amacı, lisansüstü eğitim gören Türk öğrenciler arasında alan dışı istihdam sorunununun incelenmesidir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için, çalışmada dört temel nokta öne çıkarılmıştır. Birinci nokta; alan dışı istihdama sebebiyet veren temel nedenlerin belirlenmesi. İkinci nokta; bu nedenlerden hangilerinin ankete katılan kişileri daha fazla etkilediğinin tespit edilmesi. Üçüncü nokta; alan dışı istihdamın katılımcıların hayatlarında doğurduğu sonuçlarla, eksik istihdam sonuçlarının belirlenmesi. Dördüncü ve son nokta ise; katılımcıların bu sonuçlarla baş etmek için takip ettikleri çözüm yolları. 

Tasarım/Yöntem: Yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat 

Sonuçlar: Araştırma, alan dışı istihdamın dört temel nedeni olduğunu ortaya koymuştur: Gelir, beceri, itibar ve zaman-gelir dengesizliği.

Özgün Değer:

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Alan dışı istihdam,gelir,beceri

Kaynakça

1. Adams, J. S. (1976). Equity theory revisited: Comments and annotated bibliography. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 45-90). New York: Academic Press.
2. Benach, Joan. and Charles Muntaner. (2007). Precarious Employment and Health: Developing a Research Agenda. British Medical Journal 61(4). Retrieved May 11 2013, from (http://jech.bmj.com/content/61/4/276.full.pdf+html).
3. Burke, R. J. (1998). Work stressors among recent business school graduates. Stress Medicine, 14, 83–89.
4. Burris, B. H. (1983). The human effects of underemployment. Social Problems, 31, 96–110.
5. BW Research (2011). Underemployment Survey, Santa Clara County - BW Research Partnership, Inc. and Green LMI partnered with work2future to conduct an underemployment survey of Santa Clara residents 18 to 64 years of age.
6. Caplan, R. D. (1983) ‘Person-environment fit: Past, present and future’, in C. L. Cooper (ed.) Stress Research: Issues for the Eighties. Chichester: Wiley.
7. Dooley, D., & Prause, J. (1998). Underemployment and alcohol misuse in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 669–680.
8. Dooley, D., & Prause, J. (1999). Underemployment as disguised unemployment and its social costs. Paper presented at the APA-NIOSH Interdisciplinary Conference on Work, Stress, and Health ’99: Organization of Work in a Global Economy,Baltimore.

9. Duval, A., Li, C. and Gervais, G. (2006). “The Dynamics of Over-qualification: Canada’s Underemployed University Graduates,” Statistics Canada Analytical Paper, Catalogue no. 11-621-MIE2006039: 7.
10. Feldman, D. C. (1996). The Nature, Antecedents and Consequences of Underemployment. Journal of Management 22(3). Retrieved May 7 2013, from (http://journals1.scholarsportal.info/tmp/17543244007352185903.pdf).
11. Feldman, D. C. (1996). The nature, antecedents, and consequences of underemployment. Journal of Management, 22, 385–407.
12. Feldman,D.C., & Turnley, W. H. (1995). Underemployment among recent business college graduates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 691–706.
13. Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210.
14. French, J. R. P., Jr., Caplan, R. D., & Harrison, R. V. (1982). The mechanisms of job stress and strain. London: Wiley.
15. Friedland, D. S. & Price, R. H. (2003). Underemployment: consequences for the health and well-being of workers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 80, 33–43.
16. Hamilton, L. K. (2011). A model of perceived underemployment among immigrants in Canada. School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Western Ontario.
17. Head, J., Stansfeld, S. A., & Siegrist, J. (2004). The psychosocial work environment and alcohol dependence: a prospective study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Issue March (2004): Vol. 61 (3), pp. 219-24.
18. Herzog, A. R., House, J. S., & Morgan, J. N. (1991). Relations of work and retirement to health and well-being in older age. Psychology and Aging, 6, 202–211.
19. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind, Berkshire UK: McGraw- Hill.
20. ILO. (1998). World employment report 1998-99: Global financial crisis to hike world unemployment. "Grim and getting grimmer". World of Work. 27. [On-line: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/magazine/27/crisis.htm].
21. ILO. (2004). Global employment trends 2004. Geneva: International Labour Office.
22. ILO. (2010). Global Employment Trends (Geneva, January 2010). [On-line: http://www.ilo.org/Search3/search.do;jsessionid=8C0B83F7A72F9A2E1A0132B616031515?searchWhat=Global+employment+trends+2010].
23. ILO. (2012). The Youth Employment Crisis: Time For Action. Youth Employment Forum (Geneva, 23–25 May 2012). [On-line: http://www.ilo.org/ilc/ILCSessions/101stSession/reports/reports-submitted/WCMS_175421/lang--fr/index.htm.].
24. Johnson, G. J. (1986). The effects of underemployment and being underpaid on psychological functioning among working men (Doctoral dissertation, University of
25. Michigan, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47(6–A) 2339.
26. Johnson, G. J., & Johnson, W. R. (1996). Perceived overqualification and psychological well-being. Journal of Social Psychology, 136, 435–445.
27. Kahn, L. J., & Morrow, P. C. (1991). Objective and subjective underemployment relationships to job satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, 22, 211–218.
28. Livingstone, D. W. (1998). The education-jobs gap: Underemployment or economic democracy. Toronto: Garamond Press.
29. Maddocks, H. L. (2012). Underemployment, unemployment, and mental health (Doctoral dissertation, the University of Western Ontario). Retrieved May 5 2013, from (ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1648&context=etd)
30. Maynard, D. C., Joseph, T. A., & Maynard, A. M. (2006). Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 27, 509-536.
31. O’Brien, G. E., & Feather, N. T. (1990). The relative effects of unemployment and quality of employment on the affect, work values, and personal control of adolescents. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 151–165.
32. Prause, J., & Dooley, D. (1997). Effect of underemployment on school-leaver’s self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 243–260.
33. Raykov, M. M. (2009). Underemployment and health-related quality of life (Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto). Retrieved May 5 2013, from (https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/.../Raykov_Milosh_M_200911_PhD...)
34. Zvonkovic, A. M. (1988). Underemployment: Individual and marital adjustment to income loss. Lifestyles: Family and Economic Issues, 9, 161-178.