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Avoid, Shift, Improve: A Narrative for Sustainable Mobility in the New Normal

Yıl 2021, , 1063 - 1089, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1003534

Öz

Disasters, epidemics, pandemics have an important place in the history of cities and continue to shape cities today as in the past. After the Covid-19 pandemic, cities are being reconstruct-ed to minimize the effects and increase urban resilience just as the London cholera epidemic in 1848 brought forward the first urban hygiene policy and a fire in Chicago in 1871 led to the first skyscrapers. This reconstruction evidently emerges with the emphasis on the concept of sustainable mobility which meets the basic need for access and mobility without harming the environment, the resources it is renewable; ensures increase of quality of life, is function-al, supports social justice; makes the basic socio-economic tools as education, health accessible at the highest level. The pandemic shows that we -more than ever- need narratives to address transportation apart from being a technical issue and address it on the social/spatial justice axis, re-create the space designed for the vehicle by putting people to the center. This study is based on a narrative -avoid, shift, improve- that ensure safe and healthy mobility while ensur-ing sustainability in the post-pandemic process and includes concrete steps that should be taken in the new normal.

Kaynakça

  • Aftabuzzaman, Md. ve Mazloumi, E. (2011). Achieving sustainable urban transport mobility in post peak oil era. Transport Policy, 18(5), 695-702.
  • Akyol, İ. (2013). Kentiçi ulaşım. TMMOB 2. İzmir Kent Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (ss. 297-303). İzmir: TMMOB İzmir İl Koordinasyon Kurulu.
  • Asian Development Bank (2009). Changing course a new paradigm for sustainable urban transport. Philippines: Asian Development Bank Publications.
  • Bakker, S., Zuidgeest, M., De Coninck, H. ve Huizenga, C. (2014). Transport, development and climate change mitigation towards an integrated approach. Transport Reviews, 34(3), 335-355.
  • Banister, D. (2008). The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport Policy, 15(2), 73-80.
  • Barbarossa, L. (2020). The post pandemic city: challenges and opportunities for a non-motorized urban environment. an overview of Italian cases. Sustainability, 12(17), 1-20.
  • Bert, J., Schellong, D., Hagenmaier, M., Hornstein, D., Wegscheider, A. K. ve Palme, T. (2020). How Covid-19 will shape urban mobility. 21 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.bcg.com/publications/2020/how-covid-19-will-shape-urban-mobility adresinden erişildi.
  • Beyazıt, E. (2021), Sürdürülebilir ulaşım ve hareketlilik. 27 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://mekandaadalet.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/mad_10_SurdurulebilirUlasim_single_ed3.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Bos, R. ve Temme, R. (2014). A roadmap towards sustainable mobility in Breda. Transportation Research Procedia, 4, 103-115.
  • Bräuninger, M., Schulze, S., Leschus, L., Perschon, J., Hertel, C., Field, S. ve Foletta, N. (2012). Achiving sustainability in urban transport in developing and transition countries. 25 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/4239.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Budd, L. ve Ison, S. (2020). Responsible transport: a post-covid agenda for transport policy and practice. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 6, 100151.
  • Cheba, K. ve Saniuk, S. (2016). Sustainable urban transport–the concept of measurement in the field of city logistics. Transportation Research Procedia, 16, 35-45.
  • Cirit, F. (2014). Sürdürülebilir kentiçi ulaşım politikaları ve toplu taşıma sistemlerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • Civitas (2014). Enhancing the quality of public transport services making public transport more attractive for citizens. 22 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde http://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civitas_ii_policy_advice_notes_11_public_transport_quality.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Comune di Milano (2020). Milan 2020 adaptation strategy. 22 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.comune.milano.it/documents/20126/7117896/Open+streets.pdf/d9be0547-1eb0-5abf-410b-a8ca97945136?t=1589195741171. adresinden erişildi.
  • Çelik, M. (2009). Sürdürülebilir ulaşım ve Türkiye kentleri ulaşım sorunları. TMMOB 1. İzmir Kent Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (ss. 703-711). İzmir: TMMOB İzmir İl Koordinasyon Kurulu.
  • Dalkmann, H. ve Brannigan, C. (2007). Transport and climate change. sustainable transport a sourcebook for policy-makers in developing cities. 20 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.gtkp.com/assets/uploads/20091123-095443-1692-5e_TCC.pdf. adresinden erişildi.
  • DeMaio, P. (2009). Bike-sharing: history, impacts, models of provision, and future. Journal of Public Transportation, 12(4), 41-56.
  • Deponte, D., Fossa, G. ve Gorrini, A. (2020). Shaping space for ever-changing mobility. Covid-19 lesson learned from Milan and its region. TeMA-Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Special Issue, 133-149.
  • Dodson, J., Mees, P., Stone, J. ve Burk, M. (2011). The principles of public transport network planning: a review of the emerging literature with select examples. 21 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://apo.org.au/node/53363. adresinden erişildi.
  • Dovey, K. ve Pafka, E. (2020). What is walkability? the urban DMA. Urban studies, 57(1), 93-108. Erdoğan, Ö. (2014). Günümüzde belediyelerin sürdürülebilir kent-içi ulaşım (toplu taşımacılık) ile ilgili görev ve sorumlulukları. 16 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde http://abmyod.aydin.edu.tr/makaleler/sayi_44/gunumuzde-belediyelerin-surdurulebilir.pdf. adresinden erişildi.
  • Forbes (2021). Urban transformation post-pandemic: not business as usual. 28 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.forbes.com/sites/deloitte/2021/08/30/urban-transformation-post-pandemic-not-business-as-usual/?sh=738c7e2534f1. adresinden erişildi.
  • Global Transport Knowledge Partnership. (2020). Avoid-shift-improve. 18 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.gtkp.com/themepage.php&themepgid=477. adresinden erişildi.
  • Goldman, T. ve Gorham, R. (2006). Sustainable urban transport: four innovative directions. Technology in Society, 28(1-2), 261-273.
  • Gorrini, A. ve Bertini, V. (2018). Walkability assessment and tourism cities: the case of Venice. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 4(3), 355-368.
  • Gössling, S. ve Choi, A. S. (2015). Transport transitions in Copenhagen comparing the cost of cars and bicycles, Ecological Economics, 113, 106-113.
  • Griffiths, S., Del Rio, D. F. ve Sovacool, B. (2021). Policy mixes to achieve sustainable mobility after the Covid-19 crisis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 110919.
  • Gudmundsson, H. (2004). Sustainable transport and performance indicators. Issues in environmental science and technology, 20, 35-64.
  • Gudmundsson, H., Marsden, G., Hall, R. P. ve Josias, Z. (2016). Sustainable transportation: indicators, frameworks, and performance management. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Haghshenas, H. ve Vaziri, M. (2012). Urban sustainable transportation indicators for global comparison. Ecological Indicators, 15(1), 115-121.
  • Heinen, E., Van Wee, B. ve Maat, K. (2010). Commuting by bicycle: an overview of the literature. Transport Reviews, 30(1), 59-96.
  • Heinonen, J., Czepkiewicz, M., Árnadóttir, Á. ve Ottelin, J. (2021). Drivers of car ownership in a car-oriented city: a mixed-method study. Sustainability, 13(2), 619.
  • Holden, E., Banister, D., Gössling, S., Gilpin, G. ve Linnerud, K. (2020). Grand narratives for sustainable mobility: a conceptual review. Energy Research & Social Science, 65, 101454
  • Holden, E., Linnerud, K. ve Rygg, B. J. (2021). A review of dominant sustainable energy narratives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 144, 1-11
  • Jafri, J. (2014). Sustainable practices in urban transport: avoiding, shifting, improving in Karachi. 20 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde http://southasiajournal.net/sustainable-practices-urban-transport-avoiding-shifting-improving-karachi/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Jaiswal, A., Rathore, K. R. ve Jain, D. (2012). Sustainable transit oriented development: solving congestion problem at Delhi. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(8), 59-68.
  • Katzev, R. (2003). Car sharing a new approach to urban transportation problems. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), 65-86.
  • Kennedy, C., Miller, E., Shalaby, A., Maclean, H. ve Coleman, J. (2005). The four pillars of sustainable urban transportation. Transport Reviews, 25(4), 393-414.
  • Knoflacher, H. ve Öcalır, E. V. (2011). Sürdürülebilir ulaşım kavramı üzerine tartışmalar. Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri, 468, 51-58.
  • Lewis, E. (2015). Green city development tool kit. Philippines: Asian Development Bank. Lidskog, R., Elander, I. ve Brundin, P. (2003). Towards sustainable urban transportation in the European Union?. N. Low ve B. Gleeson (Der.), Making Urban Transport Sustainable içinde (ss. 223-239). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Litman, T. (2016). Developing indicators for sustainable and liveable transport planning. Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute
  • Low, N. (2003). Is urban transport sustainable?. N. Low ve B. Gleeson (Der.), Making Urban Transport Sustainable içinde (ss. 1-22). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lozzi, G., Rodrigues, M., Marcucci, E., Teoh, T., Gatta, V. ve Pacelli, V (2020). Research for TRAN committee Covid-19 and urban mobility: impacts and perspectives. 25 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2020/652213/IPOL_IDA(2020)652213_EN.pdf. adresinden erişildi.
  • Macário, R. ve Marques, C. F. (2008). Transferability of sustainable urban mobility measures. Research in Transportation Economics, 22(1), 146-156.
  • Meakin, R. (2004). Sustainable transport: a sourcebook for policy-makers in developing cities urban transport institutions. Germany: GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) Publication.
  • Mert, K. ve Öcalır, E. V. (2010). Konya'da bisiklet ulaşımı: planlama ve uygulama süreçlerinin karşılaştırılması. METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 27(1), 223-240.
  • Nikitas, A. (2021). Cycling in the era of Covid-19: lessons learnt and best practice policy recommendations for a more bike-centric future. Sustainability, 13(9), 1-25
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (1996). Towards sustainable transportation the Vancouver conference. 21 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greening-transport/2396815.pdf. adresinden erişildi.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (2020). Policy responses to coronavirus (Covid-19). cities policy responses. 27 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=126_126769-yen45847kf&title=Coronavirus-COVID-19-Cities-Policy-Responses. adresinden erişildi.
  • Pucher, J. ve Buehler, R. (2009). Integrating bicycling and public transport in North America. Journal of Public Transportation, 12(3), 79-104.
  • Pucher, J. ve Buehler, R. (2017). Cycling towards a more sustainable transport future. Transport Reviews, 37(6), 689-694.
  • Rietveld, P. ve Daniel, V. (2004). Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38(7), 531-550.
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Kaçınma, Değişim, Gelişim: Yeni Normalde Sürdürülebilir Hareketlilik İçin Bir Anlatı

Yıl 2021, , 1063 - 1089, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1003534

Öz

Kentlerin tarihinde önemli bir yere sahip olan afetler, salgın ve pandemiler kentleri geçmişte olduğu gibi bugün de şekillendirmeye devam etmektedir. 1848'de Londra'daki kolera salgınının kentsel temizlik konusunda ilk halk sağlığı politikasını gündeme getirmesi ve 1871'de Chicago'da çıkan bir yangının ilk gökdelenlere yol açması gibi Covid 19 salgını sonrasında da kentler pandeminin etkilerini en aza indirmek ve kentsel direnci artırmak için yeniden yapılanmaktadır. Bu yeniden yapılanmanın en bariz görünümlerinden birisi de temel erişim ve hareketlilik ihtiyacını çevreye zarar vermeden karşılayan, bağlı olduğu kaynakların yenilenebilir olduğu; yaşam kalitesinin artmasını sağlayan, işlerliği güçlü, toplumsal adaleti destekleme odaklı; eğitim, sağlık gibi temel sosyo-ekonomik araçları en üst düzeyde erişilebilir kılan sürdürülebilir hareketlilik kavramına yapılan vurgu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Salgın, bir kez daha göstermiştir ki ulaşımı teknik bir sorun olmaktan uzaklaştırıp toplumsal ve mekânsal adalet ekseninde ele alacak ve araç için tasarlanmış mekânı yeniden insanı merkeze alarak kurgulayacak anlatılara geçmiştekinden daha fazla ihtiyacımız vardır. Bu çalışma pandemi sonrası süreçte sürdürülebilirliği sağlarken güvenli ve sağlıklı hareketliliği temin edecek bir anlatı üzerine –Kaçınma, Değişim, Gelişim- olup yeni normalde atılması gereken somut adımları içermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aftabuzzaman, Md. ve Mazloumi, E. (2011). Achieving sustainable urban transport mobility in post peak oil era. Transport Policy, 18(5), 695-702.
  • Akyol, İ. (2013). Kentiçi ulaşım. TMMOB 2. İzmir Kent Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (ss. 297-303). İzmir: TMMOB İzmir İl Koordinasyon Kurulu.
  • Asian Development Bank (2009). Changing course a new paradigm for sustainable urban transport. Philippines: Asian Development Bank Publications.
  • Bakker, S., Zuidgeest, M., De Coninck, H. ve Huizenga, C. (2014). Transport, development and climate change mitigation towards an integrated approach. Transport Reviews, 34(3), 335-355.
  • Banister, D. (2008). The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport Policy, 15(2), 73-80.
  • Barbarossa, L. (2020). The post pandemic city: challenges and opportunities for a non-motorized urban environment. an overview of Italian cases. Sustainability, 12(17), 1-20.
  • Bert, J., Schellong, D., Hagenmaier, M., Hornstein, D., Wegscheider, A. K. ve Palme, T. (2020). How Covid-19 will shape urban mobility. 21 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.bcg.com/publications/2020/how-covid-19-will-shape-urban-mobility adresinden erişildi.
  • Beyazıt, E. (2021), Sürdürülebilir ulaşım ve hareketlilik. 27 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://mekandaadalet.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/mad_10_SurdurulebilirUlasim_single_ed3.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Bos, R. ve Temme, R. (2014). A roadmap towards sustainable mobility in Breda. Transportation Research Procedia, 4, 103-115.
  • Bräuninger, M., Schulze, S., Leschus, L., Perschon, J., Hertel, C., Field, S. ve Foletta, N. (2012). Achiving sustainability in urban transport in developing and transition countries. 25 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/4239.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Budd, L. ve Ison, S. (2020). Responsible transport: a post-covid agenda for transport policy and practice. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 6, 100151.
  • Cheba, K. ve Saniuk, S. (2016). Sustainable urban transport–the concept of measurement in the field of city logistics. Transportation Research Procedia, 16, 35-45.
  • Cirit, F. (2014). Sürdürülebilir kentiçi ulaşım politikaları ve toplu taşıma sistemlerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • Civitas (2014). Enhancing the quality of public transport services making public transport more attractive for citizens. 22 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde http://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civitas_ii_policy_advice_notes_11_public_transport_quality.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Comune di Milano (2020). Milan 2020 adaptation strategy. 22 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.comune.milano.it/documents/20126/7117896/Open+streets.pdf/d9be0547-1eb0-5abf-410b-a8ca97945136?t=1589195741171. adresinden erişildi.
  • Çelik, M. (2009). Sürdürülebilir ulaşım ve Türkiye kentleri ulaşım sorunları. TMMOB 1. İzmir Kent Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (ss. 703-711). İzmir: TMMOB İzmir İl Koordinasyon Kurulu.
  • Dalkmann, H. ve Brannigan, C. (2007). Transport and climate change. sustainable transport a sourcebook for policy-makers in developing cities. 20 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.gtkp.com/assets/uploads/20091123-095443-1692-5e_TCC.pdf. adresinden erişildi.
  • DeMaio, P. (2009). Bike-sharing: history, impacts, models of provision, and future. Journal of Public Transportation, 12(4), 41-56.
  • Deponte, D., Fossa, G. ve Gorrini, A. (2020). Shaping space for ever-changing mobility. Covid-19 lesson learned from Milan and its region. TeMA-Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Special Issue, 133-149.
  • Dodson, J., Mees, P., Stone, J. ve Burk, M. (2011). The principles of public transport network planning: a review of the emerging literature with select examples. 21 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://apo.org.au/node/53363. adresinden erişildi.
  • Dovey, K. ve Pafka, E. (2020). What is walkability? the urban DMA. Urban studies, 57(1), 93-108. Erdoğan, Ö. (2014). Günümüzde belediyelerin sürdürülebilir kent-içi ulaşım (toplu taşımacılık) ile ilgili görev ve sorumlulukları. 16 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde http://abmyod.aydin.edu.tr/makaleler/sayi_44/gunumuzde-belediyelerin-surdurulebilir.pdf. adresinden erişildi.
  • Forbes (2021). Urban transformation post-pandemic: not business as usual. 28 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.forbes.com/sites/deloitte/2021/08/30/urban-transformation-post-pandemic-not-business-as-usual/?sh=738c7e2534f1. adresinden erişildi.
  • Global Transport Knowledge Partnership. (2020). Avoid-shift-improve. 18 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.gtkp.com/themepage.php&themepgid=477. adresinden erişildi.
  • Goldman, T. ve Gorham, R. (2006). Sustainable urban transport: four innovative directions. Technology in Society, 28(1-2), 261-273.
  • Gorrini, A. ve Bertini, V. (2018). Walkability assessment and tourism cities: the case of Venice. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 4(3), 355-368.
  • Gössling, S. ve Choi, A. S. (2015). Transport transitions in Copenhagen comparing the cost of cars and bicycles, Ecological Economics, 113, 106-113.
  • Griffiths, S., Del Rio, D. F. ve Sovacool, B. (2021). Policy mixes to achieve sustainable mobility after the Covid-19 crisis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 110919.
  • Gudmundsson, H. (2004). Sustainable transport and performance indicators. Issues in environmental science and technology, 20, 35-64.
  • Gudmundsson, H., Marsden, G., Hall, R. P. ve Josias, Z. (2016). Sustainable transportation: indicators, frameworks, and performance management. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Haghshenas, H. ve Vaziri, M. (2012). Urban sustainable transportation indicators for global comparison. Ecological Indicators, 15(1), 115-121.
  • Heinen, E., Van Wee, B. ve Maat, K. (2010). Commuting by bicycle: an overview of the literature. Transport Reviews, 30(1), 59-96.
  • Heinonen, J., Czepkiewicz, M., Árnadóttir, Á. ve Ottelin, J. (2021). Drivers of car ownership in a car-oriented city: a mixed-method study. Sustainability, 13(2), 619.
  • Holden, E., Banister, D., Gössling, S., Gilpin, G. ve Linnerud, K. (2020). Grand narratives for sustainable mobility: a conceptual review. Energy Research & Social Science, 65, 101454
  • Holden, E., Linnerud, K. ve Rygg, B. J. (2021). A review of dominant sustainable energy narratives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 144, 1-11
  • Jafri, J. (2014). Sustainable practices in urban transport: avoiding, shifting, improving in Karachi. 20 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde http://southasiajournal.net/sustainable-practices-urban-transport-avoiding-shifting-improving-karachi/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Jaiswal, A., Rathore, K. R. ve Jain, D. (2012). Sustainable transit oriented development: solving congestion problem at Delhi. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(8), 59-68.
  • Katzev, R. (2003). Car sharing a new approach to urban transportation problems. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), 65-86.
  • Kennedy, C., Miller, E., Shalaby, A., Maclean, H. ve Coleman, J. (2005). The four pillars of sustainable urban transportation. Transport Reviews, 25(4), 393-414.
  • Knoflacher, H. ve Öcalır, E. V. (2011). Sürdürülebilir ulaşım kavramı üzerine tartışmalar. Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri, 468, 51-58.
  • Lewis, E. (2015). Green city development tool kit. Philippines: Asian Development Bank. Lidskog, R., Elander, I. ve Brundin, P. (2003). Towards sustainable urban transportation in the European Union?. N. Low ve B. Gleeson (Der.), Making Urban Transport Sustainable içinde (ss. 223-239). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Litman, T. (2016). Developing indicators for sustainable and liveable transport planning. Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute
  • Low, N. (2003). Is urban transport sustainable?. N. Low ve B. Gleeson (Der.), Making Urban Transport Sustainable içinde (ss. 1-22). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lozzi, G., Rodrigues, M., Marcucci, E., Teoh, T., Gatta, V. ve Pacelli, V (2020). Research for TRAN committee Covid-19 and urban mobility: impacts and perspectives. 25 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2020/652213/IPOL_IDA(2020)652213_EN.pdf. adresinden erişildi.
  • Macário, R. ve Marques, C. F. (2008). Transferability of sustainable urban mobility measures. Research in Transportation Economics, 22(1), 146-156.
  • Meakin, R. (2004). Sustainable transport: a sourcebook for policy-makers in developing cities urban transport institutions. Germany: GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) Publication.
  • Mert, K. ve Öcalır, E. V. (2010). Konya'da bisiklet ulaşımı: planlama ve uygulama süreçlerinin karşılaştırılması. METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 27(1), 223-240.
  • Nikitas, A. (2021). Cycling in the era of Covid-19: lessons learnt and best practice policy recommendations for a more bike-centric future. Sustainability, 13(9), 1-25
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (1996). Towards sustainable transportation the Vancouver conference. 21 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greening-transport/2396815.pdf. adresinden erişildi.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (2020). Policy responses to coronavirus (Covid-19). cities policy responses. 27 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=126_126769-yen45847kf&title=Coronavirus-COVID-19-Cities-Policy-Responses. adresinden erişildi.
  • Pucher, J. ve Buehler, R. (2009). Integrating bicycling and public transport in North America. Journal of Public Transportation, 12(3), 79-104.
  • Pucher, J. ve Buehler, R. (2017). Cycling towards a more sustainable transport future. Transport Reviews, 37(6), 689-694.
  • Rietveld, P. ve Daniel, V. (2004). Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38(7), 531-550.
  • Rodrigue, J., Comtois, C. ve Slack, B. (2016). The geography of transport systems. Taylor Francis.
  • Schiller, P. L. ve Kenworthy, J. R. (2017). An introduction to sustainable transportation: policy, planning and implementation. Routledge.
  • Schiller, P. L., Bruun, E., Kenworthy J. R. (2010). An introduction to sustainable transportation policy, planning and implementation. Earthscan Publications
  • Schiller, P. ve Kenworthy, J. (1999). Prospects for sustainable transportation in the Pacific Northwest: a comparison of Vancouver, Seattle and Portland. World Transport Policy and Practice, 5, 30-38.
  • Speck, J. (2013). Walkable city: how downtown can save America, one step at a time. North Point Press.
  • Tran, T. M. (2020). Pandemi sokaklarımızı, mahallemizi ve hayat tarzımızı sorgulamak için benzersiz bir fırsat. 28 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde https://www.iklimhaber.org/pandemi-sokaklarimizi-mahallemizi-ve-hayat-tarzimizi-sorgulamak-icin-benzersiz-bir-firsat/. adresinden erişildi.
  • Wheeler, S. M. (2004). Planning for sustainability: creating livable, equitable and ecological communities. Routledge.
  • Yargıç, İ. (2021). Hareketlilik ve iklim. Spektrum-Mobilite: Mekansal Hareketlilik, Devingenlik, Akışkanlık. 4, 9-12.
  • Yavuz, N. (2015). Toplu ulaşım kullanımını teşvik politikaları. M. Yıldız ve M. Z. Sobacı (Der.) Kamu Politikası Kuram ve Uygulama içinde (ss. 550-565). Ankara: Adres Yayınları.
  • Zamora, J. C. P. (2014). The “avoid-shift-improve” model a powerful planning tool for transportation schemes with low GHG emissions. MIPALCON Conference Prooceedings Climate Change-A Global Challenge. Contribution of Infrastructure Planning içinde (ss. 141-150). Germany: University of Stuttgart.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hülya Eşki Uğuz 0000-0003-1583-0501

Fırat Harun Yılmaz 0000-0003-2838-5400

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Eşki Uğuz, H., & Yılmaz, F. H. (2021). Kaçınma, Değişim, Gelişim: Yeni Normalde Sürdürülebilir Hareketlilik İçin Bir Anlatı. İDEALKENT, 12(34), 1063-1089. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1003534